American Involvement in Somalia

This is a continuation of my research into the American involvement in the Somali civil War between 1992 and 1994. This paper will attempt to fit the historical data into some of the various ideas put forth in the Kriesberg book, though, unfortunately, the war did not really develop in the same way that the book might describe due to the complete failure of the mission and the brief time of actual American combat. Nevertheless, Kriesberg will provide a useful theoretical starting point to understand this conflict and its ultimate lack of resolution. The civil war that the US was supposed to stop continues without resolution to this very day.1. Escalating the war took place in three rapid stages. All of these were American led operations, though under the cover of â€Å"UN Resolutions† which seemed to provide some kind of a moral stamp on the operation. The three stages were all complete failures from every conceivable point of view. Conventionally, they are called, in order UN OSOM I, UNITAF and finally, UNISOM II, which was finally terminated in 1994 (Lyons, 1995, 39). All of these acronyms concern either UN or US projects in Somalia. The first, in 1992, saw the deployment of only a handful of peacekeepers once most of the factions in the country agreed to some kind of mediation.But as soon as the grand total of 50 men landed, the factions refused any kind of negotiation and immediately resumed fighting. UNOSOM I was considered a bad joke at best. However, the US took over operations a brief time later under UNITAF, which was basically an American controlled operation. In early 1993, the US sought to intervene under the cover of both UN diplomacy and under the idea of â€Å"humanitarian intervention,† a concept where the state intervening does not have any real political capital to gain, but is intervening to save lives and avert famine.But the reality is that the US was interested in controlling Somalia for one reason: to keep it from falling int o the hands of the Islamic movement of General Mohammed Farah Aidid (Lyons, 1995, 39-42). Aidid very quickly succeeded in making himself the most powerful faction leader in Somalia, and in his turn, made himself the anti-American and anti-Israeli leader in the war, holding to a semi-communist kind of Islam that sided with Sudan and, to some extent, Syria in the middle east (Schultz, 2006, 92-94). Aidid also condemned American involvement in the Iraq war.Hence, very quickly, the Clinton administration dropped both te UN and the â€Å"humanitarian† cover and sought to capture Aidid at all costs. Aidid was a threat to both US and Israeli interests for several reasons, dealt with in detail in the last paper: first, Somalia is an oil-rich state, second, it helps control access to the Red Sea, and third, it controls access, to some extent, to the equally oil-rich state of Sudan, where western backed rebels in oil rich Darfur are fighting the Islamic state of Omar Bashir (Kreitzman, 2006).Hence, Somalia was considered a strategic country on all counts. The American force was fought to a draw by Aidid’s forces in the famed 1993 Battle of Mogadishu. It was not long after that that both UNITAF and UNOSOM II, engaged in at the same time, withdrew its forces from Somalia. 2. There was an US brokered attempt to create a unified faction against Aidid in Ethiopia (then a pro-US power in the region), but negotiations quickly broke down (Lyons, 1995, 40-41 also 45). But this is where the American failure can be more closely analyzed.First of all, the Americans approached negotiations as a purely zero-sum game (Kriesberg, 2006, 273). The point of negotiations in 1993 was not to end the war, but to escalate with, with a strongly western backed coalition against Aidid. Since there was no real understanding of the ideas of all factions, political or religious, the US also, secondly, stereotyped its opponents: the Muslims were evil, foul and, worse, anti-Israel, and t he others were secular and progressive (Kreisberg, 2006, 280).Hence, both due to the zero-sum question as well as stereotyping, the US could not successfully operate on Somali territory, even if the number of soldiers escalated higher. The zero-sum aspect of this is also connected to what Kriesberg calls â€Å"cognitive dissonance† in warfare–that is, an intervening party must convince themselves that the official reason that one is intervening is the real one (Kreisberg, 2006, 157). Of course, no serious person could possible pull that off, and hence, there was a schism in the mentality of the intervention from day one.Since the real purpose behind US intervention was to install a secular government friendly to American interests, and the â€Å"humanitarian† rhetoric went out the window at an early date once Aidid became powerful and popular, the official purpose and the real purpose of the intervention became an â€Å"open secret† early on. This could o nly hamper American efforts. As General Montgomery pointed out, the issuance of UN Security Council Resolution 814, with tacit U. S. support, clearly changed the mission. â€Å"For us there was no such thing as mission creep,† he pointed out, â€Å"because it was very clear at the outset what we were supposed to do.† While the resolution was unrealistic and overly ambitious, General Montgomery insisted the taskings in it were clear enough (Hoffman 2004). Nothing could be further from the truth. If anything, â€Å"mission creep† was the order of the day. Directives from Washington differed from directives from the UN. Washington wanted Aidid, while the UN wanted some kind of humanitarian action. But this is not atypical from upper brass in the military establishment, as much a political position as a military one.Ultimately, there was a superficial resolution of the problem by saying that the reason the humanitarian disaster occurred was that Aidid made sure the food aid did not get to â€Å"the people. † This assertion has no evidence to underscore it. But even more, the US got involved in an obscure part of the world for oil and Israeli interests. The US had no real comprehension of the religion and culture of either the Islamic or Christian Somalis. The US, as mentioned in the last paper, failed miserably in the propaganda war once Aidid made it clear that the US was an invading and imperial force working at the behest of wealth and power.This set of ideas helped bring Somalis to his side, and made the US look bad. But American ignorance of the real situation and the perception of US interests among the common population ultimately forced the withdrawal of all troops by 1994 with little having been done. 3. The consequences of this intervention were absolutely disastrous. Since 1992, roughly 1. 2 million Somalis have lost their lives. Starvation is the order of the day, and the war continues without abatement. Aidid himself was ki lled in a gun battle in 1996, yet his movement remains strong.But more abstractly, there are indirect consequences. First, the US realized that any serious commitment needed a large number of troops with strong air support. Second, the approbation of the UN, while having no military value, has a strong degree of moral value. Third, Americans are not interested in long term warfare, unless a major event can take place where Americans are killed. Hence, 9/11 gave both the US and the Israelis a green light to take care of their political problems with little fallout (at least in the short run). Fourth, there needs to be a constant threat to keep Americans interested.Since Somalis did not threaten Americans, it was very difficult to maintain American interest or support. But constructing an ubiquitous web of Islamic terror cells might keep Americans interested. In reality however, none of these lessons were truly learned, and the realist approach to intervention still maintains itself: the US will intervene whenever its financial interests are concerned, which includes protecting the hated state of Israel at all costs to her prestige or credibility. Even more, the UN ended up looking like a paper tiger, a tool of US interests and without a clear agenda of its own.It was a disaster in every significant way. 4. The sort of warfare one is looking at in Somalia is clearly â€Å"zero-sum. † The US intervened solely out of an interest in African oil and the control of access to the strategic Red Sea. The failed negotiations in Ethiopia produced no results because of American ignorance and the refusal of US negotiators to permit Aidid to have any say in the matter. Hence, it became officially clear (contra the words of General Montgomery above) that the real purpose of the mission was to keep Aidid away from power at all costs.But in rejecting the most popular and powerful faction in the country and trying to cobble together a coalition of small and non-ideologica l factions led to complete disaster, and American intelligence completely failed to figure out who was who, and who wanted what (Razack, 2004, 44). The US failed due to the â€Å"social psychological† atmosphere that they themselves created (Kriesberg, 2006, 147). Aidid saw through the American purpose from the outset, which permitted him to construct an Islamic nationalist base that proved very popular. That was a nut that the semi-committed Clinton administration could not understand or crack.Furthermore, organizational structure of Aidid’s forces also changed (Kriesberg, 2006,158). As he became more and more popular, it became clear that his organization became more powerful, regularized and disciplined. As mentioned in the last paper, Aidid began providing his own social services, paving roads and even contemplated minting his own currency, all of which the US was determined to destroy, apparently on â€Å"humanitarian grounds. † 5. In Conclusion, Kriesberg can help us understand the war in Somalia and the American failure in several ways. First, the US stereotyped its enemy and the Islamic world in general.Second, it approached the war as a zero-sum game, with everything on the secular warlords and nothing on Aidid. Instead of talking with him and respecting his popularity, the US attempted to destroy his very base of power and his functioning administration (Lyons disagrees with this, and claims the US did briefly negotiate with Aidid, pp 43, but it went nowhere). Third, the US entered this war without any real understanding of the mentality of third world people in an impoverished state. Like in Iraq, it was assumed that the US would be greeted as peacekeepers. Instead, they were greeted as occupiers (Razack, 2004, 10-11).Fourth, the US did not have a clear sense of mission. While official sources held that the mission was truly humanitarian, from the outset it was clear that the purpose was to keep Aidid and all like him from power and make certain a pro-US leader was installed in this strategic country. Aidid, a man of great military and political talent, took advantage of all these failures to eventually drive the US out of Somalia. Bibliography: Hoffman, Frank (2004). â€Å"One Decade Later: Debacle in Somalia. † The Proceedings of the Naval Institute. January. (www. military. org) Kriesberg, L.(2006). Constructive Conflicts. Rowman and Littlefield. Kretzman, Steve (2003). â€Å"Oil Security, War and the Geopolitics of United States Energy Planning. † Multinational Monitor, Jan/Feb. Lyons, Terrence (1995) Somalia: State Collapse, Multilateral Intervention and Strategies for Political Reconstruction. Brookings Institute Razack, Sherlene (2004). Dark Threats and White Knights: The Somalia Affair Peacekeeping and the New Imperialism. University of Toronto Press Shultz, Richard (2006) Insurgents, terrorists and Militias: The Warriors of Contemporary Combat. Columbia University Press

US and California Compared

The United States Census is taken every ten years in order for the U. S. government to count exactly how many people live in the country to the best of its abilities. Aside from taking the population, the census asks many other questions, such as the age of the persons living in a given household, their race and ethnicity, the languages that are spoken at home, their educational attainment level, and household income. These questions, when answered by the entire population, provide the government a sense of the composition and the needs of its people. Without this information, public services such as education, hospitals, health care, and social security cannot be provided to all in need and therefore it is important data that deserves our careful examination. For my term paper, I have decided to compare the data of the state of California to the United States of America to discover how similar or different the sets of data may be. I would predict some of these data to be similar, such as age distribution, due to the fact that California is a relatively large state with a large enough population that it would serve as a pretty good sample of the entire nation. However, I would expect to see differences in factors such as race and ethnicity and the languages spoken at home, because California has a relatively larger Hispanic and Asian population than most other states in the US. Also, the income level of California will be slightly higher than the nation due to the existence of two large metropolitan cities in the state. The paper takes a careful look at the various socio-demographic variables that are taken by the United States Census in order to compare the state of California to the nation as a whole. The first obvious step in my analysis is to look at both populations counted by the 1990 United States census. The population of the United States is estimated to be 248,709,873 and California is estimated to be 29,760,021. This data is important to this paper because when making comparisons between the two geographic locations, I will use percentages taken from the actual data given in the census divided by the total populations. This way, the comparisons are scaled in relation to one another and it is easier to analyze and to make comparisons. The first demographic variable that I will examine is the age distribution between the two areas. The age distribution given by the population age pyramid (Graph 1) show that both are quite similar, with a pyramid-like shape starting from age 25 to 80+, with the large base of the pyramid beginning at age 25. From age 0 to 24, there is an overall tapering in from the base of the pyramid above as the ages decrease, indicating a fewer number of people aged 0 through 24. It means that the largest number of persons in both regions is between the ages of 25 and 34 in 1990. This implies that there were a larger number of births in the 1950s and 1960s than in the 1970s and 1980s. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that the baby-boom children had reached reproductive stage in their lives and gave birth to many babies in the 50s and 60s. There is also relatively fewer people aged 45 to 80+. The upper narrow upper region of the graph, ages 65 and up, can be explained by the fact that the life expectancy in the United States is around 70 years old and it is natural to see a tapering off of the population at these ages. However, the age group from 45 to 64 is also quite narrow. This is most likely due to the fact that these are the people who fought in World War II. Looking at the graph, the only noticeable difference between the two regions is that California has a relatively fewer number of people aged 10 through 19. This could be due to many economic, social, and physical factors in the 1970s that affected California births, but not the entire nation. I would predict that since children of the baby-boomers (ages 25 to 34) have now reached reproductive stage, the census 2000 would show that the base of the graph would continue to grow a little bit wider, from babies being born in the 1990s. The second demographic variable I will focus on is the racial composition of California and the United States. Graph 2 shows the percentages of the total population, which fall under the five racial categories: 1. White 2. Black 3. American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut 4. Asian or Pacific Islander and 5. Other. It is important to note that people of Hispanic origin are mainly categorized as either White or Other, depending on how each individual has chosen to categorize him or herself. The category, Other, also include people who are mixed, such as Mulatto, Creole, and Mestizo. The breakdown of the races are pretty similar, as can be seen by the graph with Whites being the overwhelming majority of the total population for both regions. However, it may be interesting to note that the origins of the people who make up the White category for the two regions may be quite different. For the United States, the composition of the people who make up the White category are mostly of European origin. The origin of people who make up the White category for California also include many people of European origin, but also many of Hispanic origin. This is due to the fact that California shares the border with Mexico and therefore would have a larger Mexican or Latino population. Also due to the large Mexican and Latino population, the Other category for California is almost 10% larger than for the United States. The lower Black population in California can be attributed to the fact that the majority of Blacks in this country are concentrated in the southern states of the US, such as Alabama, raising the composition for the nation, but not for California. Lastly, the Asian and Pacific Islander category is almost 8% higher in California because many Asians tend to be concentrated on the west coast of the US. The third socio-demographic variable I will examine is language spoken at home. The first thing to note on Graph 3 is that English is spoken in the majority of homes both in California and the United States. The population speaking languages other than English at home is higher in California due to the racial composition examined above. The higher Asian/Pacific Islander and Latino concentration has raised this California percentage to twice that of the US. Of these â€Å"other† languages, the existence of Spanish spoken in homes is more than 10 percent higher in California than in the rest of the nation. Subsequently, the English at home contingent will be smaller in percentage comparison for California. This type of data is extremely important to the government because it raises issues such as the appropriateness of ESL programs, bilingual education, and public services that must be provided to the public in many languages. Comparing two different regions such as California and the US may seem useless due to the similar data, but it is differences such as these that make the census crucial data that deserve our careful analysis. Educational Attainment is another variable I will analyze between the two regions. Graph 4 reveals that in the US, highschool graduates (including equivalency) make up the highest percentage of education attained. This is not surprising because formal education in the US is required for all children until the age of 14 through 18, depending on the state, and therefore it is expected that most children would finish high school. In California, people attending some college without obtaining a degree make up the highest percentage. This implies that California†s students have a tendency to pursue their education further than the national student. The higher percentage of Californian†s attending some college can be attributed to the proliferation of junior colleges in the state. The concern for California should lie in the fact that a higher percentage of children do not progress beyond the ninth grade than in the nation. This may be attributed to the large Spanish speaking population who are cushioned in schools by bilingual teachers during their elementary and secondary schooling years but are left to themselves in non-bilingual high schools to survive on their own and as a result, drop out. Finally, the comparison of household income between California and the US shows that income levels for both regions are concentrated under $60,000 per year (Graph 5). In analyzing these data, I have taken the income data from the census and divided that figure with the total number of households, not the population, so that a direct comparison between the income of each households would be possible. In general, Californians have higher income than the US as a whole. The 1990 Census shows that the median household income of California is $35,798. This figure is higher than the national median household income of $30,056. The data on the graph shows that the higher percentage of Californians earn incomes higher than $30,000. The higher income in California can be attributed to the two metropolitan areas of Los Angeles and San Francisco as mentioned earlier and additionally, to the recent boom of the computer and internet industry in Silicon Valley, which has increased the number of Californians earning higher wages. The different variables examined in this paper have revealed several demographic trends between California and the US as a whole. While the two regions share similar demographic profiles, several differences arise upon closer analysis of the data. Generally, California has a higher concentration of racial minorities. Thus, more families speak languages other than English at home. The data also shows that a higher percentage of Californians pursue degrees in higher education than the national percentage. Since college graduatess and advanced degree holders tend to earn higher wages, the data for household income is consistent with the previous observation as more Californians are in the higher income bracket. It can then be concluded that California is more racially diverse than most other states, and that Californians tend to do better economically than the rest of the nation. This type of analysis would not have been possible without the United States Census, which I believe is an important tool that allows researchers to do their own analysis with the hard data that it provides. The different conclusions I have drawn from this paper clearly indicate a need for different public programs that are specifically designed for each individual state because the United States is not made up of a homogeneous group of people, but is composed of an exremely diverse group of individuals.

Architecture beneath Nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Architecture beneath Nature - Essay Example The residential sector has increasingly adapted landscape architecture. Homes have been built as part and puzzle of the landscape implying a balanced ecological system. Buildings beneath the ground have been treasured in the sense that they are unseen and they resemble the landscape (Hagan, 2001). This implies that they are designed in an attractive way and the decorations are not different with the natural features. This has led to increase in the trend of architecture beneath the ground and an increase in the art. Globally, the art of architecture beneath the landscape has been adapted due to the magnificent products it offers after a thorough work of art and design. Furthermore, the space utilized in the creation of such features, has globally been accepted as part and puzzle of the environment. This is because it creates no negative impacts, but contributes to the beauty of the surrounding landscape (Tsui, 1999). Buildings that are invisible are designed to match the entire feature of the landscape. For instance, buildings in a hilly topography are built to be inside the hill and thus no one can suspect or even think of an existing building within the hill. It can be compared to the nature of camouflage since buildings in rocky and gully landscapes are designed in the same sense hence unseen buildings being part of the landscape. On the contrary, some buildings can be unseen but some parts are seen. This implies that the building is completely out of view, but the entrance is visible signifying that a building or structure exists in a certain landscape (Tsui, 1999). Architecture beneath nature creates another important aspect that changes the entire study of architecture. This is because this field of architecture is different and accompanied extensive invention and innovation. It is also different in the sense that buildings communicate with nature

Spanish war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Spanish war - Essay Example The Spanish army composed of 36,000 soldiers, with 41 ships, and 65 artillery, and ready to fight the Moroccans. The Prime Minister of Spain, Leopoldo ODonnell, grouped the soldiers into three forces under the command of Generals Juan Zavala, Antonio Ros, and Segundo Diaz (8). The Spanish and Morocco Hostile relations started on 17th December 1859 after the column commanded by Zavala occupied the Sierra de Bullones. Echague captured the Palacio Del Serrallo and Odonnel commanded a force that landed at a place called Ceuta on 21st December and they waited for to attack. Spain took advantage of its defeat in Morocco during the Eisley war in the year 1844, occupied the Islands-1848, and then waited for another opportunity to get more from the Moroccan territory. The Moroccan Sultan, Moulay Abderrahman lived the last days when the Spanish army stationed in Ceuta building, in a military center attacked, and destroyed the Angara tribes (Bennis, Samir 10). The Moroccans army also brought down the Spanish flag down and splattered it in the dirt. The Spanish consul demanded harsher punishment by people he considered responsible for the incident and declined to hand them over to the Spanish military authority for execution. The given Moroccans were accused of doing to Ceuta as punishment for its inhabitants and its garrison.Morocco tried to have access to Spain for the right to build fortifications, as it deemed necessary for the security of Ceuta. Morocco was granted ten days before Spain declared war and called their armies on the Moroccan soil.The Royal Prosecutor under the Sultan stated that the responsibility was borne by the Governor of Ceuta who ordered the firing of guns against the Moroccans, and he requested an extension because of the deteriorating health of the Sultan. During the Sultans death, Said Moulay Abderrahmane swore the allegiance to his son Sidi Mohammed of Morocco (Ellwood 41). In Spain, these events were seen as

The Vikings Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Vikings - Assignment Example historians reached Polynesia in the 16th century, the ability of Polynesians to carry out distant voyages had already been lost and they had been widely isolated on scattered islands. This, coupled with the lack of literate persons to record their history, led to little being known about their culture and expansion (Hadley 19). This led to the eventual decline of both groups. The main reasons for exploration were trade and colonization. The case is the same with the Vikings, but, a bit more is known about their expansion since they are said to have explored places such as North Africa, North Atlantic, Middle East, and Russia, mostly raiding, pillaging and engaging in trade. Vikings built very sophisticated ships for various uses, mainly raiding and trading, and their ship craftsmanship was superb. The Polynesians mostly relied on outrigger canoe construction techniques to build their vessels and had navigators at various islands. Trade was more developed among the Vikings compared to the Polynesians (Hadley 33). Both cultures were non-literate and had no literary

Article Title Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Article Title - Essay Example The article reveals three separate research studies conducted to track the origins of cancer cells in the brain, gut and skin using genetic markers as labels. The studies conducted by Luis Parada and Hans Clevers on brain and gut cancers respectively used genetic labels to mark healthy adult stem cells which had the potential to develop into tumors and analyzed whether the newly formed cancer cells contained the same labels as their predecessors. In the experiment conducted by Parada on glioblastoma, the tumors also contained some unlabelled cells which had also originated from the labeled cells which relapsed following chemotherapy. However, when the labeled cells were targeted using chemotherapy the glioblastoma underwent significant shrinkage. Clevers and his team used drug-inducible genetic markers which when activated caused the cells carrying the marker to fluoresce in one of the four colors. When a second dose of the drug was injected the initially fluorescing cells gave rise to a new set of cells that fluoresced with a different color thus supporting the hypothesis that cancer stem cells give rise to new tumor cells. In the experiment involving the skin tumor conducted by Cedric Blanpain, individual tumor cells were labeled and when tracked these either gave rise to a small cell lineage before diminishing or continued to produce more cells. Thus the study provided a strong experimental evidence for the existence of cancer stem cells and further research involved relating these tracked cells with those of the putative cells which have been found from transplantation studies. The photosynthetic ability of aphids using the carotenoid pigment which they synthesize is explored in the Nature article, â€Å"Photosynthesis-like process found in insects†. Aphids and another possible creature namely the two-spotted

Gender Inequality in Dell Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gender Inequality in Dell - Assignment Example According to the World Bank (2011), the company discriminates against women who have been found to won most of the company’s business in the sense that they are the major customers of its products and services. The chosen technology would be strategy-based in that it would focus on the best strategy to make the company adjust from the issue of gender inequality to gender balance in all its activities. The case of gender equality has already been a major consideration by most of the organizations around the world (McCarthy, 2013). The fight against gender disparities among global communities and more specifically, the fight against women discrimination have promoted this aspect. The process of ensuring that women are in the leadership positions has remained a hot topic, as depicted in this case, but a technology for monitoring the course of promoting gender equality in Dell Inc. could save the company’s negative image as far as gender discrimination is concerned (Vehvilà ¤inen, Vuolanto, & Ylijoki, 2010). According to McCarthy (2013), the message of encouraging gender equality is seemingly working since the number of women being appointed and recruited into the top management ranks in organizations is increasing. Nevertheless, the rate of achieving a gender balance was at one time increasing, but the trend has changed significantly (McCarthy, 2013). This trend signors that organizations need to do something about its strategies that focused on ensuring gender equality within organizations. It seems that the pressures that were at one point imposed by clubs, associations, and campaigns do not play a key role in ensuring gender balance in organizations management and activities today. The need for internal actions within the organization is driven by this fact.

Deaf experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Deaf experience - Essay Example 488). Further, I learned that this group of people was impulsive to the signs whose underlying meaning seemed abusive or complicated to them despite the use being a normal one. I was nervous while communicating to the deaf people because I was unable to inform them that I was capable of hearing and speaking contrary to their expectations since the majority members in the chatroom were deaf. The fact that I was inconsistent in signing to them with the same speed they took to communicate to me spurred anxiety and I could not contemplate the alternative measures to establish in solving the imminent misunderstandings that would emanate from the delays. Despite bearing knowledge on the signs used by the majority population of people in the deaf culture, I was incompetent in elevating the desired skills as there different types of misunderstandings would result from the different perceptions that different chat members bore towards the signings (Davidson 792). Despite the challenges experienced during the chatroom conversations, the deaf people cooperated and educated me in their experiences while living with the condition as they were growing up. The chatroom experience influenced the understanding that the people were aggressive towards the people who were capable of hearing and speaking holding the belief that such people were ignorant of their inability to hear; hence, the use of verbal communication was deliberate and abusive. Further, I learned that the deaf community perceived that they were normal; hence, they were against any practices expressed by different people whose meaning communicated their inability to participate in verbal communication. Other members with whom I communicated to in the chatroom expressed their dissatisfaction to the practices used by the society in providing special learning centers to the deaf (Hauser

Experimental Research Design Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Experimental Design - Research Paper Example Difficulties in adjustment typically manifest in forms of the child later being involved in troubled relationships with their partners or spouses, substance abuse etc (Franke, 1983). This study will discuss a research design that will attempt to evaluate the validity of these claims. That is, we will design a research that carries out an impact evaluation of the conditions created by Our population of interest is people who as children witnessed divorces of their parents. Since we are concerned with how these people adjust to life after growing up, we want to evaluate the quality of life of grownups whose parents were divorced. For each treatment we shall evaluate whether the mean was different. For instance, consider the variable ‘age’. The way the impact of this variable will be evaluated is, we shall look at differences in mean age among groups I to IV. Similarly for each of the other three treatments, we shall look at whether the mean scores of the variables differ across the groups. If we find significant differences, then this will imply that the variable for which such a difference was found indeed has an influence on the impact of parent’s divorce on the child’s adjustment. The research design here is essentially a â€Å"Posttest only Control group† type for each separate treatment. Defining the age treatment as â€Å"treatment T>0 if age was greater or equal to 3 years† the diagram for this test can be shown as follows: Barber, B.L. & Eccles, J.S. (1992). Long term influence of divorce in single parenting and adolescent families and work related values, behaviors, and aspirations. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 108-126. Forehand, R., Wierson, M., McCombs, A., Thomas, R., Fauber, L.A., Kempton, T., & Long, N. (1991). A short-term longitudinal examination of young adolescent functioning following divorce: The role of family factors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100,

Short Visual Storytelling for the Web Term Paper

Short Visual Storytelling for the Web - Term Paper Example In the day to day life other visuals include variety of things from, the award winning films, the super bowl advertisements, business models and many other visual things. They all involve the commonness of someone trying to express themselves in a way. According to the phenomenon of perception, it can be said that the way the short visuals are illustrated accounts for their effectiveness or ineffectiveness in their way to be expressive (Klanten & Losowsky, 2001). To be able to appreciate the aspect of the short visual stories that are expressed in the day to day life, one has to be able to appreciate the works of people such as the great philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty in his book the phenomenon of perception. In his book Maurice expresses the realization that the way that the humans perceive is structured in a way that the body at the first instance perceives phenomena then reacts by reflecting on the particular phenomena through the mediation of perception. In his, book; The Phen omenon of Perception, Ponty appreciates the principles of the Cartesian dualism of the mind. The Cartesian dualism simply expresses that the mind and the body are the two fundamental substances that forms the universe and that the mental substance occupy a different realm. There is a relation that can be established from the Cartesian dualism and the visual story telling concepts that are established. The connection of the Cartesian dualism is the special relationship it awards to the visual literacy aspect. Visual literacy is the ability that one has and enables him to be able to engage his mind and read a picture, visual literacy therefore can be taken as an aspect whereby on is able to interpret the visual material and therefore interpreting and giving meaning to the forms of images that are presented to him or her (Gordon & Tamari, 2004 ). From the formulations of the visual story telling aspects, the devisors tend to make them in such a way that they are appealing to the viewer s they are meant for. Visual story telling are devised according to what they are meant to achieve, in a story that is meant to persuade someone to buy a product , the message is made in such an appealing way that it is able to draw the sought audience to go and get the product that the advertisement is about( Caputo, 2004). In the advertisement aspect, the appreciation of the phenomenology of perception, one mediates on the phenomena he perceives after he perceives. So according to Ponty, in advertisement is ones perception of the news that the product advertises is good and appeals to his needs, in most situation he will make a good deal of effort as to be able to acquire the product. In his book, Maurice Ponty indicated that all that one perceives in the world is gained from one’s own particular point of view; in this case this can be translated in the situation of the short visual story telling phenomena. From the perspective that one initializes corporation of thoughts i n his work, he is able to pass a certain message by the use of incorporation of though provoking elements. Through these elements, when the video gets to the general audience, the audience gets to perceive them however they deem the message is intended by the creator. The effectiveness of a visual story

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Free Trade In Society Essay How does the society benefit from an economy built on free trade where both the labor and the buyer only seek personal gain?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On an economy that is built of free trade, society will run like clockwork because of the various incentives that the various sectors of the economy provide.   It is human nature for individual to act upon incentives.   Children are commonly disciplined by their parents with the use of incentives. It is the same in the case of the laborer and the buyer.    Both of them seek only personal gain.   It is highly uncommon that either buyer or laborer will act for the greater good of the nation or for world peace.   They work because they want to earn a living.   They want a nicer car, a bigger home, a good education for their children, and a trip abroad for the summer perhaps.   All their efforts are targeted to their personal goals, all of which is quantifiable in terms of money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The laborer will always look for a place where there is a higher monetary yield for a lesser amount of work.   He will work harder if he knows that there is a promotion ahead. The buyer, on the other hand, will always search for a good bargain for any of his purchases.   All in all, everyone wants more for their money and time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Society benefits from this system because it creates more competition in the markets of both buyers and laborers, resulting in more options and better options for both sectors.   With this equilibrium, society benefits because the economy benefits, thus increasing the standard of living. If however, there is an oversupply of labor, wages will go down and unemployment will go up, distorting the balance.   This is the same for buyers. A lack in competition will increase prices and decrease their purchasing power.   It is therefore necessary to maintain a good equilibrium in both labor markets and buyer markets which will result in a better economy, and which will eventually result in a higher standard of living for society.

How Organic Growth Can Be Achieved Marketing Essay

How Organic Growth Can Be Achieved Marketing Essay Every penny earned by the enterprise are not all the same. Business growth is not the same, either through organic growth and growth by acquisition restructuring and other non-organic way, and the two are not the same. Rely on organic growth with higher gold content, although its growth may be slower, but better quality growth, earnings stability, certainty and more persistent, to give shareholders greater shareholder returns. so in hotel industry how to effective organic growth?the hotel sustained and stable development of thinking.the hotel is organic growth is actually a customer relationship management process,which is based on the retention of the existing customer sales growth,earnings growth and service improvement.superior hotel is always good to achieve growth in to those bad hotel often need to constantly replace customers,because they are totally dependent on the sales price.the hotel to maintain an effective way of organic growth is the formation of a consultant type of relationship with the customer,rather than price-type relationship. Body Organic growth is committed to enhance customer satisfaction, employee engagement, as well as the growth of the core business earnings, companies rely on innovation, new products and services, customer growth in the core business development and growth. Organic growth corresponds to the concept of non-organic growth (Nonorganic Growth), is the exclusion of mergers and acquisitions, divestitures and exchange rate effects of growth, reflecting the core business growth potential and persistence. Pursuit of organic growth does not mean that negate the positive significance of the mergers and acquisitions. Need strategic, a small mergers and acquisitions related to the core business, these acquisitions for the company access to new technologies, new products, new ideas, or new customers, particularly in relation to some of the early stages in the life cycle of the companys organic growth process product or technology. How organic growth can be achieved Diversification Diversification is the most radical form of growth. It involves creating a new product, a brand new market. This growth strategy is the most dangerous, because it is the most uncertain. Failure is a distinct possibility, but it may be the potential for a high return worth the risk, the company must provide sufficient financial means. Market penetration Through the growth of the market penetration does not involve moving into new markets, create new products, it is an attempt to use the current products or services, in order to increase market share. Implementation by reducing the price of the product or service, or by increasing marketing efforts to attract customers from competitors this strategy Product Development Product development to create new products to meet the same market. For example, a company producing ice cream institutional buyers, including expanded its ice cream and sorbet. The Company may sell these new products to existing customers and develop new markets and the development of its business. Market development Market involved in the development of your product or service to new markets. You may want to enter a new city, state or country. You can target a market segment. For example, a bakery, bread consumer market may enter the commercial market toast restaurants and retailers. External methods Merger is defined as combination of two or more companies into a single company where one survives and the others lose their corporate existence. The survivor acquires the assets as well as liabilities of the merged company or companies. Generally, the company which survives is the buyer which retains its identity and the seller company is extinguished.Merger is also defined as amalgamation. Merger is the fusion of two or more existing companies. All assets, liabilities and stock of one company stand transferred to transferee company in consideration of payment in the form of equity shares of transferee company or debentures or cash or a mix of the two or three modes. The combined disadvantages. The drawback is that the merger must be approved by a vote of the shareholders of each company. Under normal circumstances, the approval of the necessary two-thirds (or more) of the stock. To obtain the necessary number of votes, that is time-consuming and difficult. In addition, the cooperation of both the companys existing management requires a combination of. Such cooperation can be very easy or cheap. In addition, if the enterprise scale, resulting in higher unit costs. It will also create a cultural conflict between the different types of enterprises. Therefore, this time of the validity of the integration. Merger also may be creating a conflict of objective between different businesses, meaning decisions are more difficult to make and causing disruption in running of the business. It also results dissatisfaction among current staffs as positions will be limited and the management have to decide which staffs to hold the position after the transaction has taken place. Organization merger would provide loads of benefits to both parties. Each party should ensure that the transaction made benefits all parties involved, and not biased to either party before seal the deal Acquisition in general sense is acquiring the ownership in the property.In the context of business combinations, an acquisition is the purchase by one company of a controlling interest in the share capital of another existing company. An acquisition may be affected by (a) agreement with the persons holding majority interest in the company management like members of the board or major shareholders commanding majority of voting power; (b) purchase of shares in open market; (c) to make takeover offer to the general body of shareholders; (d) purchase of new shares by private treaty; (e) acquisition of share capital or one company may be either all or any one of the following form of considerations viz. means of cash, issuance of loan capital, or insurance of share capital Assets Acquisition Disadvantages Choose another companys assets, liabilities and consideration, they can be an expensive and time-consuming process. It need the financial assessors to identify and assess the value and risk of the underlying assets (or liabilities). In addition, your legal team must also arrange the transfer of assets and liabilities of the individual ownership. Therefore, the cost of an assets acquisition can become significantly larger than the nominal value of the purchased assets/liabilities. Stock Acquisition Disadvantages In stock acquisitions, when assets are not scrutinized, it is not impossible for the buyer to acquire so-called toxic assets. The value of such assets has considerably fallen or is highly likely to fall in the near future but buyers cannot be aware of this until they possess them. Such assets can be bank deposits in weak currencies and leisure facilities in areas recently struck by natural catastrophes. In addition, stock acquisitions dont feature any of the tax deductions on goodwill. Franchising is a commercial form of organization and the operating system, a number of enterprises refers to the operation of similar goods or services, to form a consortium in a certain form, in the overall planning specialization and division of labor based on the implementation of centralized management, the combination of independent business activities into the overall scale of operation, so as to achieve economies of scale. A business model. Franchise drawbacks: the franchisor is concerned, due to the the management network organizations increasingly large, was chartered by product and service quality is difficult to guarantee unified standard, may lead to the reduction of the standardization.In addition, due to the long-term cooperation between the franchisees and the contradictions increase prone to conflict.And, by the promise, he must pay the initial fee and management fee to the franchisor by the Corporation based on the consideration of the overall operation of the ideas developed strict Limitations and restrictions, and requirements at any time may bear all the consequences of the reduction of the Corporation brand value of their adverse effects caused by What are the advantages of organic growth in business? A business grow organically means that the company is using internal funds to expand the business, rather than purchasing another business or other partner-sharing business. An example of organic growth will be increasing capital using own money. Below are some advantages of organic growth: 1. Organization strategic goals can be achieved Through organic growth, the management team are able to guide and lead the business according and in-line with the strategic goals of the company. For example Regulate the organization and management. Chaotic most of the organizational structure of the commercial enterprise, for example, is responsible for market planning and responsible for sales to the same person, and even the accountant and cashier is a person. There is a superior-subordinate reporting relationship is not clear, the employees do not know which department they belong, do not know their own boss, cross management of severe and so, it would not affect the efficiency of the organization, do not know their respective duties or tilt energy affect efficiency, seriously affect the companys next phase of development. Contrary China Jiaming commerce company, according to the characteristics of the companys external environment and the target is divided work departments, often look at the organization of the company, adjusted according to the requirements of the next stage of development suitable sector jobs, set up various positions or posts, to clarify their respective responsibility, and grant the appropriate authority; formulation of rules and regulations, establish and mutual relationship of the various aspects of a sound organizational structure aspect. 2. No crashes in culture There will be no culture clashings as the company employees are all either hired from the start of the business or being transfered to the newly setup business. the culture and norms of the business will be maintained. For example:Harvard University experts found that environment, lack of motivation, the potential for employees only play 20% to 30% and may even cause the opposite effect; appropriate incentive environment, the same staff was able to play to their potential.80% to 90%. If you disagree or feel taken for granted by the staff of the distribution system, then you have the distribution system must be failed; while failing to achieve the allocation of the incentive effects for enterprises, is a great damage. 3. Cheaper compared to acquisitions very often when a company buys another business. theyll need to pay a premium, and that premium itself can sometimes wipe out the whole value of the acquisitions rather than increasing shareholders value. For example The worlds largest food company Nestle Group in Shanghai on October 18 released three quarterly. Despite the global economic downturn, Nestle remains optimistic about the performance of the first three quarters of this year, the Nestle Group the first three quarters of the total sales growth of 11% to 67.6 billion Swiss francs. Organic growth (excluding exchange and acquisitions factors) of 6.1%, including real internal growth of 2.9%, 3.2% pricing contribution. Success with organic growth takes a lot more than ideas,or even great ideas.it takes galvanizing leadership and a sustainable growth engline.it takes deep understanding of key concepts and a robust managerial process it also takes a groundswell of employees who can skillfully apply all the necessary techniques and tools of innovation-not just the mind-expanding ones. THE TIFFANY STORY:GROWTH WITHOUT COMPROMISE Tiffanyco.is an interesting story for several reasons.first,tiffany is one of the oldest of the companies,having been founded in 1837 by Charles L.Tiffany,It has mostly prospered during the last 168 years,which is an accomplishment in itself given that the average lifespan of a major corporation today is less than 40 years. The second interesting fact is that Tiffany stayed true to its founders vision of creating and selling fine good to its customers in the famous Tiffany blue boxwhich was introduced in the 1800s.No,the blue boxis not a recent Madison Avenue creation;it,too,has survived more than 100 years. Part of the reason for Tiffany s longevity and success has a lot to do with its leadership,which exhibits an understated passion,respect,and reverence for what Tiffany stands for.Despite the companys luxury brand and up-scale image,the companys luxury brand and up scale image.the company leaders are far from arrogant or highbrow.Instead,they are thoughtful,down to earth,focused,humble people who are grateful for the opportunity to try to preserve and enhance the Tiffany brand during their tenure.In demeanor,the Tiffany executive team is no different from the SYSCO or Best buy team focused,humble leaders deeply engaged in the details of executing the business. ORGANIC GROWTH STRATEGY Tiffanys organic growth story is an annual combination of measured geographic expansion,new-product introduction,value-chain enhancements,and giving customers more reasons to buy Tiffany products,Tiffany grew classically first through store expansion in the United States,today,Tiffany operates 59 stores,26 of which are in the top 50 U.S markets,and the company cautiously and measurebly opens four to six new stores a year.After expanding in the United States,Tiffany opened its first store in Europe. In Europe,Tiffany faced tough competition from other legendary and historical fine jewelry houses,although it had more success in Japan,its largest international foray,which has grown substantially in the last 30years. In addition to geographic expansion,Tiffany created new revenue by introducing major new product lines annually in silver,gold and platinum jewelry.Tiffanys move to be a vertically integrated company in order to protect its brand and its quality has brought Tiffany new profit centers,including diamond cutting,diamond polishing,and manufacturing. Tiffany then expanded its channels of distribution to the Internet,first in the United States and more recently in Japan,the United Kingdom,and Canada. Then it closed its wholesale business,reduced its business sales offerings and made two small acquisitions,including the little Switzerland chain of Caribbean jewelry stores.the company also made three entrepreneurial investments-two in developing new diamond mines in Canada and one in starting a new pearl jewelry chain called IRIDESSE. Tiffany has invested heavily in technology throughout its value chain in order to operate more efficiently and today is concentrating on customer relationship management to increase revenue. THE BSkyB GROWTH STORY The BSkyB growth in the UK, how to establish an internal (or organic) growth, rather than rely on the acquisition of a typical example.A few years ago, when the position of the company for their own, seems to be a fairly ambitious business goals. The goal is to home users reached 100,000 in the UK. British Sky Broadcasting to achieve this goal earlier than expected, which is a key reason why, despite the recent economic downturn, they are still able to enjoy the continued growth of revenue and profits.However, the organic growth story in the British Sky Broadcasting is about more than simply adding a lot of new users. The business is able to increase its services to the average spent by each user household. Users at a lower pay-TV users have been persuaded to buy their broadband Internet access has been upgraded to HD and 3D from BSkyBs customers, improve customer loyalty has left the year known as churn percentage. The result of this organic growth strategy seems to be a business that has maintained impressive momentum despite a difficult external environment (e.g. pressure on household spending advertising). THE BEST BUY STORY Best Buy is one of the enterprises to filter through all seven steps, the main consumer electronics, home office supplies, electronics, retail entertainment software and related services. Best Buy as a typical representative of one of the organic growth companies, focusing on business development and innovation since its inception, although the scale is bigger and bigger, but remains efficient small businesses with employees cohesion. A hundred Best Buy stores are like a small company, every morning the manager in charge of the shop the day before the performance data receive 30 different indicators of green, yellow and red mark, all of these indicators and shops The investment margin closely related. Each day, the Regional Manager will manager discuss those yellow (warning) and red (problem) indicators, with the help of the technology under rely on estimates System to achieve a daily feedback and concerns of key data. Best Buy emphasis on stable working environment for employees, in crease employees on the company identity and ownership spirit, at the time Best Buy employees wastage rate than the industry average low of 20%, target more is in the short term is the staff wastage rate control to 50% below the industry average, it is the efforts made à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¹in improving employee satisfaction and enthusiasm, the Best Buy business expansion while still being able to ensure strong execution capability of the entire enterprise. Best Buys stock price in January 1996 was 1.6945 CNdoller, 34.8267 CNdoller in December 2003, eight years, the share price increased 19.55 times the annualized growth rate of about 145%, organic growth enterprise stock investment value. Best Buy organic growth, to determine the success of many traits common organic growth enterprises, such as a streamlined business model, efficient implementation capacity, management closely tracks reflect the results of the data. With organic growth, core growth, knowledge and understanding, many companies realize that only the organic growth is sustainable, have begun efforts to improve the inherent profitability of the center of gravity from epitaxial growth dependent on mergers and acquisitions into existing business development and innovation. GE, Siemens, Schneider Electric, many large-scale multinational enterprises in addition to the common financial indicators in its annual report, also released this indicator of organic growth, reflects the universal recognition and attention of the business community on organic growth. Conclusion Every penny earned by the enterprise are not all the same. Business growth is not the same, either through organic growth and growth by acquisition restructuring and other non-organic way, and the two are not the same. Rely on organic growth with higher gold content, although its growth may be slower, but better quality growth, earnings stability, certainty and more persistent, to give shareholders greater shareholder returns. Secondly, a new perspective view of enterprise valuation. Our valuation to the enterprise, is generally given the higher valuation of the faster growth of the enterprise, the concept of organic growth stresses valuation level not only depends on the growth rate, but also depends on the sources of growth, quality and manner. Often persistent organic growth is better, should have a higher valuation; lot depends on mergers and acquisitions, financing growth, surface high growth rate, but the stability of the persistent poor, low return to shareholders, therefore, no should be given too high a valuation, before we are likely for some low-quality growth to pay too high a price.

Business overview of sainsbury plc

Business overview of sainsbury plc Sainsbury PLC is considered as one of UKs leading food retailers. The Sainsbury history starts in 1869 and today it says We provide Healthy, Safe, Fresh and tasty food (Sainsbury, 2011). Sainsbury brand has maintained goodwill for many years by providing its customers with healthy safe and tasty food. No compromise on price and quality has been made as they go hand-in-hand. Groceries in Sainsbury was introduced in 1903.John James Sainsbury died in 1928 by that time there were 128 shops and his last words were to keep shops lit. (Sainsbury, 2011). FROM FIELD TO FORK IN UNITED KINGDOM 17,000 Farmers Grocers 2,000+ Suppliers 22 Distribution Centres 800+ Supermarkets 30,000+ Products 150,000+ Colleagues 19 Over million Customers 3) Evaluation of stake holders. Anyone who can affect or be affected by the actions of the organization (Godson, 2008).The term stakeholder was first used by the Stanford Research Institute in 1963 to jointly describe consumers, shareholders, suppliers, employees, financial lenders, and society in general. (Reed, 2008). Relationship Marketing model developed by Gummessons consists of four broad partnerships were exchange take place. They are applied in case of Sainsbury United Kigdom Four Broad Partnerships of Relationship Marketing (Morgan and Hunt 1994) Internal Partnerships-The research studies suggests the quality of relationship a company has with its customers largely depend on how the employees at the front line make customers. (Egan, 2008) Being a great place to work is rooted in Sainsburys heritage and values. Sainsbury plays a vital role in achieving the corporate business goals with the help of its colleagues working for them.1,50,000 of the colleagues together make it successful in delivering great customer service every single day. These individuals by all sense are the face of the company. Delivering great food at fair price and surpassing the customer expectations. The employees are treated in a manner by which retention of employees takes place motivating them to work for Sainsburys customers in the best manner. Sainsbury is proud to be awarded the peoples organisation by the CBI in Human capital Awards 2009.It was awarded in recognition of HR people management excellence. The first ever retailer who has been awarded a gold accreditation from Investors in people for the commitment made to improve business through investment in our colleagues. Out of 168 categories Sainsbury was successful in 165. (J SainsburyP LC) Supplier Partnerships- Two formal documents are held by Sainsbury which cover the commitments made to their suppliers and standard they expect in return. They take pride in having good supplier relations. They are the first supermarket to implement a voluntary code of conduct which went beyond the obligations in previous supermarket code of practice. They issue a supplier handbook to their suppliers which is legally binding code of commercial practice. (J SainsburyPLC). Sainsbury has thoroughly strengthened and widened grocery supply code of practice (GSCOP) which is in force from feb2010 following the competition commission report into the grocery market. Sainsburys supplier have training thereby they can support the skills of suppliers to ensure they can operate efficiently to meet our requirements for quality and sustainability. They are the worlds largest retailer Sainsbury is doing well in the retail sector. (J SainsburyPLC) Buyer Partnerships- Sainsbury engages with the shoppers on a day to day basis by requesting their feedback. (J SainsburyPLC).Sainsbury communicates that it understands it s customers and their needs. Sainsbury customers are mailed a calendar which is their on their wall for twelve months with a new image and a new text or idea every month. (Jenkinson Sain, 2003).Sainsbury does spend to genuinely understand their customers. Moreover it is vital in Integrated Marketing when it comes to big brands like Sainsbury having multiple customer communities. (Jenkinson Sain, 2003) Relationship Marketing ladder of loyalty External Partnerships- As Sainsburys does engage with organisations like NGOs and government and agencies to understand issues and making better decisions. (J SainsburyPLC) Stakeholders like Normative groups Diffuse groups 4.1 Normative groups have authority to regulate or control the actions of an organization (Godson, 2008) These would include Regulatory bodies, Governments, Trade associations, Professional associations, shareholders and finances. The Sainsbury boss fears new VAT rise under new government (Kollewe, 2010). 4.2 In Sainsbury they are committed in reducing the negative impact on the environment and aiming to be leaders in UK for environmental innovation. Climate change is affecting everyone so Sainsbury tries to reduce the environmental footprint as all nature of business has direct or indirect impacts but in retail distinction is is significant. They have been given an A rating in the consumer Focus Green to the Core? In 2010 a five year partnership has been announced with Imperial College, London and Grantham Institute for Climate Change. Sainsbury won Green Retailer of the Year Award at Drinks Business Green Awards on March 8th 2011. (Sainsbury, 2011) Customer Relationship Management As Mass Media Advertising on decline marketers are focussing more on CRM adopting it as the best way to win, retain and grow business. (Handen, 2000). Most definitions of CRM is based around the collection and use of customer data for specific customer-focused activities. (Walton, 2008)CRM is a buzzword that a buzzword thats really not so new (Gateway for India, 2005).CRM previously did allow the neighbourhood grocer to keep a track over few of his customers preferences. To recognise their needs and deliver them effectively. Technology has now allowed to go into future in this model. (Gateway for India, 2005).The CRM today brings the organization closer to the customers allowing the organization to understand and cater to their needs in a better manner. (Handen, 2000).Mass marketing done through advertising and effective campaigns may not reach customers so effectively as CRM can do today. (Handen, 2000) Sainsbury selects Teradata warehouse replacing Oracle and getting CRM solution.This would enable in implementation of CRM and communicating well with the targeted customers and personalized communication and decision making.Sainsbury wanted to carry out a initative in offering customers surpassing to their expectations (Sainsburyselects Teradata Warehouse and CRM solutions, 2001) Sainsbury developed customer relationship to win customers in 2011.As household budgets looked stretched further by tax increase and inflation.There are some elements which can be used to achieve focus on relationships to establish with the shoppers enabling them to win sales over their competitors. (News, 2011) Focus on value- Retailers are trying to promote heavily to their customers with price guarantees and promotional innovation among the key weapons in their communication strategies. (News, 2011) Trend one -Internet Internet is used widely to communicate across different channels.The sales is also recorded in conjunction the price message is also communicated properly. (News, 2011) Trend two-Promotional mechanics-The retailers come up with innovative promotional schemes to attract the customers so that sales would increase,deals such as buy 1 get 1 free.During festivals or some ocassions like Mothers Day, Valentines Day and Easter the promotion schemes becomes more significant in the retail calendars. (News, 2011) Loyalty cards and technology -Loyalty card scheme is been widely used by retailers.It has been gaining momentum helping the retailers to establish good customer relationship in future.To reward the shoppers indirectly encourages and tempts them to shop more which results in more sales. (News, 2011) Non-Food Alongside their strong food propositions Sainsbury approach to develop its hypermarket format and to utilize their extended space for general merchandize. (News, 2011) Customer Service-Customers not only purchase the service but the experience offered by the service organisation. (Adebanjo, 2001).Sainsburys had tried a scheme in the early 2008 which would enable the company to build in the use of Nectar data.Some printed communication could include Money-off coupons,promotional offers, advertising messages and recipie ideas.It did combine customer relationship marketing(CRM) programme with colour printer technology.Moreover the it would help the suppliers to understand how the system can help. (Talking Retail-Hub for grocery retail, 2007). Customer Satisfaction At Sainsbury customers are delivered great service making it easy and enjoyable experience for the customers to shop. (Sainsbury, 2011)(Hill,1999)Customers are satisfied on meeting their expectations otherwise they are dissatisifed. (Adebanjo, Understanding Customer Satisfaction-Uk food industry Case study, 2001).Customer complaints helps to identify the weakness of customer service higlighting areas of improvement.The customers whose complaints are attended and resolved are more likely to remain loyal and share the experience with others. (Adebanjo, Understanding customer satisfaction-Uk food industry case study, 2001).This would enable in handling customer complaints and useful for service and process improvement.Customer focus and to understand customers is increasing among organizations and has become essential for business success. (Adebanjo, Understanding customer satisfaction-Uk food industry case study, 2001).Being prompt and effective in responding to customer concerns and complaints.Compalints are dealt in the store wherever possible by the store duty manager.A team is formed in sainsbury to know customer insights and individuals working together to study trends and needs of customer.They undertake surveys each month.The stores are not aware when they are conducted as it is done secretly when the check is been made unless the stores are informed regarding their performance and scope of improvement.Several steps and initatives are taken sothat customers can easily locate the products on shelves.New approach to reduce queiuing times at check outs.The ambition of Sainsbury is 1 in front at all check outs in our store Self service check outs are introduced by them and hand hold scanner for customers in 34 stores are introduced. (J SainsburyPLC) Loyalty- Loyalty is a positive feeling that consumers may exhibit towards brands,services,stores,product,catgories, and activities. (Godson, Customer loyalty and Inovlement, 2008). Geniuine Loyalty and Repeat-buying behaviour-To distinguish between genuine loyalty and repeat-buying behaviour as organizations sometimes mistake that they have loyal customers but sometimes they may be repeat purchaser in the outlets. There are some reasons to support these (Godson, Customer loyalty and Inovlement, 2008) Lack of Choice- Some cases customers lack choice of options to use some services eg. Bus as a particular company bus may be operating through a particular route an no other companies would have introduced in the same route. Thus the individual may avail the same bus service not because of loyalty but because of convenience even though it may be expensive compared to its competitors but this company bus has monopoly in that bus route. Convenience-A customer may purchase from the nearby grocery outlet not due to loyalty but it being convenient for the individual. Lack of information or ignorance-Sometimes an individual shopping in one outlet like Sainsbury eg Chicken meat Slices of 400gm for one pound may purchase from Sainsbury itself with other items. Reason may be he is not aware about Netto offering Chicken meat slice of 410gm at the same price and more tasty. In such a situation the person is not informed about the alternative and would end up purchasing from the same store not because of loyalty. Customer Loyalty- To develop and maintain customer loyalty which represents a major contributing factor in a firms profitability. (Fulford, 2005).Some studies are of the opinion that customer loyalty positively influences and reduces on market cost and increases sales per customer.(Berry 1995). Loyalty and retailing-Earlier research shows retailing area concentrated mainly on behavioural aspects. However some studies shows little association between loyalty and socio economic status of the household. Customer Identification loyalty programs- Customers should be identified as an individual so that they can be reached directly and relationship can be established. Sainsbury in June 2002 introduced Reward for customers the Nectar Card. (East et al 1995, Mason,1991)Since then it has helped the company to know their customers and benefitting both the parties customer and the company. (Fulford, 2005).Loyalty schemes and programs are been introduced to increase frequency of sales and usage of products and secondly to retain customers base given expense of recruiting new customers and relatively profitability of loyal customers.(Uncles et al;2003).This manner customer loyalty could be increased and interest of using loyalty cards have taken place. Nectar Card introduced by Sainsbury- It was introduced on September 10, 2002. In grocery stores of Sainsbury this was a revolution brought in the loyalty programme. UKs four best known companies Sainsbury, Barclaycard, Debenhams and BP together created Nectar Card UKs most comphrensive reward programme. Extensive advertising on TV on all major channels was accompanied with press and outdoor advertising campaign. As per the extensive research conducted to cater consumer needs there are some features of Nectar programme listed. (Sainsbury, 2011) Choice- The nectar Card could be used to collect points not just for flights but to purchase groceries, in restaurants and for many other purposes. Speed-Nectar points could be earned by shopping at more than 1800 as participating outlets wherever individual shops does not make an individual wait for long number of years to collect enough points so as to claim their rewards. Simplicity-It is simple to use as one card, one points currency. Moreover this same card could be used in other stores like Barclays and customers purse would not bulge with number of loyalty cards and all the points collected would be in one card only. Ease-It is easy to use .The procedure is not complicated. Depending on what one individual wants to use points for Exchange points for Nectar voucher. Call Nectar direct or have points automatically deducted as and when the card is swiped. Huge Investment in Customer Loyalty since Launch of Nectar- On September 28,2009 Sainsbury had huge investment in customer loyalty since launch of Nectar. Pound multi million investment over 5 years Over 1 billion money saving coupons in store Staple everyday basics to help customers through economic downturn This major financial investment in a coupon scheme was to benefit 18.5 million customers retailers serve every week. The customer receive reward at the till with money-off coupons to make further purchase of branded and Sainsbury own brand products. (Sainsbury, 2011) Nectar Card took top spot in race for customers loyalty- More customers use Nectar card in comparison to other loyalty cards. The number of people using nectar card increased over 1million in making Nectar card scheme to be widely used across the country making it popular among customers. The reason being Nectar card widely been used by customers and the attraction for them to use it is because it has number of partners it is associated with. Recent growth in 2010 usage of Nectar card was driven by savvy shoppers who were wanting more of their money during recession. As said by Gwyn Burr, Sainsburys Customer Direct. There customers appreciate and have around 1million new card holders who have signed to take advantage of benefits. (J SainsburyPLC) Easy Jet joined Nectar- Recently on March13 2011 Easy jet joined Nectar loyalty programme. This new partnership created between UKs largest loyalty programme and UKs biggest airlines. This partnership enables Nectar collectors to exchange their nectar points for any easy jest flights in 550 destinations in 30 countries with no restrictions. An article published in The Sunday Times says Sainsbury Chief Justin King-Loyalty cards provide advantage as without loyalty schemes supermarkets are forced to make promotions for their customers as those without data are been drawn into more promotion as they lack sophisticated database. As in Sainsbury coupon at till scheme customers are specially targeted money-off vouchers (Robert, 2010). Internal and External Relationships marketing Internal Relationship Marketing- The vital role played by employees in customer satisfaction has become distinct clear. (Godson, Background and theory, 2008)According to Gummesson E.2002, creating relationships between the management and employee and functions is the aim of internal marketing within relationship marketing. The employees should be given training so that they can serve customers in a manner which would increase the goodwill of the company and consequently develop in having external contacts and tools for external marketing. The employees when treated well this would motivate them to serve the customers. Sainsbury employees are recruited and the staff are treated without any discrimination. Focus to deal with candidates with Equality and Diversity policy at all times. Sainsbury attach Human Resource development to cope up with environment changes not only including the training cost but also investment cost. The policies for Sainsbury disabled people are such that which does not discriminate them from other employees rather gives them an edge and treats them with equality. External Relationship Marketing- . Communication Tools- Traditional communication tools like to sell by attracting attention, promote and persuade prior of making sales. There are two aspects like Asking-To elicit from consumers and buyers to understand their need of the product .Telling-To inform them all the aspects of the product making them aware helping to decide, persuade for acceptance and prompt purchase action.(i.e selling the product to increase level of business and accelerate diffusion of process) (J.Varey,2002) Example of Marketing Communication PERSONAL IMPERSONAL Formal Market Research focus group Market dominated advertising. Informal Consumer dominates face-to-face conversion. Internet chat room Other tools of Communication- Advertising- Making customers aware and delays affect on sales due to learning curve of customers.Sainsbury does extensive advertsing.Sainsbury target shoppers while they are in buying mode.It has effective communication with its customers through advertisments Publicity-Contionous effort made to make other communications credible.Campaigns of Sainsbury does include proof of posting and research available.They capture both point of sale and point of purchase opportunity. Personal selling- Immediate effect on sales. Sales Promotion E-marketing Direct Marketing- Sainsbury does more of direct marketing to reach its target customers.The channel used to reach its customers is through website (Sainsbury.co.uk), advertising through the stores which are widespread acrros UK.The promotion tool used by them is Nectar Card to reward its loyal customers for the purchases made by them. Recommendations- Sainsbury should concentrate on how to lower the price compared to its competitor which wins more of the customers is due to maintain equilibrium between price and quality. Sainsbury concentrates more on food for the food lovers.As consumers nowdays have many options availaible like cheap tasty take-aways and restaurants offering them excellent ambience these would be threat for sainsbury food business.Therefore they should develop their array of product options more to offer customers. Sainsbury should do wider research so that it is successful in understanding its consumers. (n.d.). Retrieved april 3, 2001, from http://www.essaycoursework.com/modelanswer/business/essays/communications-sainsbury-retailer.php (n.d.). Retrieved april 07, 2011, from http://www.essaycoursework.com/modelanswer/business/essays/communications-sainsbury-retailer.php (2005). Retrieved April 10, 2011, from Gateway for India: www.gatewayforindia.com/technology/CRM.htm (2007, october 27). Retrieved march 07, 2011, from Talking Retail-Hub for grocery retail: www.talkingretail.com Adebanjo, D. (2001). Understanding customer satisfaction-a UK food industry case study. British food Journal , 36-45. Adebanjo, D. (2001). Understanding customer satisfaction-Uk food industry case study. British food Journal , 37. Adebanjo, D. (2001). Understanding Customer Satisfaction-Uk food industry Case study. British Food Journal , 36. Egan, J. (2008). Internal Partnerships. In J. Egan, Relationship Marketing:Exploring Relational Strategies in Marketing (p. 174). PEARSON EDUCATION. Fulford, M. R. (2005). Loyalty transfer from Offline to online stores in the Uk grocery industry. International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management (Vol-6), 444-446. Godson, M. (2008). Background and theory. In M. Godson, Relationship Marketing (p. 17). Oxford Press. Godson, M. (2008). Customer loyalty and Inovlement. In M. Godson, Relationship Marketing (p. 102). Oxford Press. Godson, M. (2008). External Relationships. In M. Godson, Relationship Marketing (p. 205). Oxford Press. Handen, L. (2000). Putting CRM to Work. In S. A. BROWN, CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT (p. 8). JOHN WILEY SONS CANANDA LTD. J SainsburyPLC. (n.d.). Retrieved april 11, 2011, from http://www.j-sainsbury.com/cr/index.asp?pageid=59 J.Varey, R. (n.d.). Retrieved from Google Books. Jenkinson, A., Sain, B. (2003, May 15). Sainsburs Little Ones. Retrieved april 07, 2011, from Stepping-Stones: www.stepping-stones.org Kollewe, J. (2010, may 13). guardian.co.uk. Retrieved april 03, 2011, from guardian.co.uk: http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/may/13/sainsburys-boss-fears-vat-rise-under-new-government News, S. (2011, January 17). Developingthe customer relationship to win in 2011. Retrieved april 12, 2011, from IGD Retail Analysis: www.igd.com/analysis/hub Reed, F. a. (2008). External Relationships. In M. Godson, Relationship Marketing (p. 205). Oxford Press. Robert, M. L. (2010, march 14). Loyalty cards provide advantage. Retrieved april 09, 2011, from www.businesstimeonline.co.uk Sainsbury. (2011). J Sainsbury plc. Retrieved april 11, 2011, from J Sainsbury plc : www.j-sainsbury.com Sainsburyselects Teradata Warehouse and CRM solutions. (2001, june 19). DS star . Walton, X. a. (2008). CRM. In M. Godson, Relationship Marketing (p. 141). Oxford University Press

Prayer in School Essay -- Religion Argumentative Argument Papers

Prayer in School As the bell rings you walk through the lunchroom doors. It seems just like any ordinary day. You smelled the mystery lunch as soon as you walked in, you fought your way into the lunch line, and you saw the principal escorting some troublemaking kids from their tables. But wait, those kids weren't the usual trouble makers. They were the kids that always follow the rules and even pray before lunch. Was this some kind of alternate universe? No, they were actually in trouble. No one ever paid it much attention but praying in school was against the rules. Why is it that our school system is so concerned with students that pray when there are students with problems that deserve much more attention? Students should not be punished for exercising the religious beliefs. Religion is a part of life, it always has been and it always will be. I believe that prayer should be allowed in school because it is a constitutional right, it encourages morals and values and students showing dev otion to their religious practices doesn't hurt anyone. The Downfall of a Nation There were times in this country where religion was mandatory in the public school curriculum. However, as early as the 1850?s the Superintendent of Schools in New York stated that prayers could no longer be required as part of public school curriculum. The Cincinnati Board of Education decided in 1869 that "religious instruction and the reading of religious books, including the Holy Bible, were prohibited in the common schools of Cincinnati.? By 1962/1963 the United States Supreme Court had prohibited bible reading and school organized prayers. In the past the Supreme Court had consistently ruled against religious practices in the public... ...nity Today. July (2003). 03 Oct. 2003 2. Annie Laurie Gaylor. ?The Case Against School Prayer?. 1995. Freedom From Religion Foundation. 03 Nov. 2003. 3. Unknown Author(s). School Prayer Case History. 2003. School-Prayer.net 03 Nov. 2003 . 4. Unknown Author(s). School Prayer. 26 Sept. 2003. Internet Infidels. 03 Nov. 2003 http://infidels.org/library/modern/church-state/prayer.html 5.Unknown Author(s). The Constitution. 10 Nov. 2003 http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.billofrights.html

Essay --

More than 205,000 new drugs are introduced in markets worldwide every year after undergoing various acceptance tests. Over decades, a large number of animals have been utilized for testing new drugs on them, so as to spare human life. This can be proved from the fact that early physician, scientists, such as Aristotle and Erasistratus performed experiments on living animals. Similarly, Galen who was a giant in the history of medicine conducted animal experiments to advance the understanding of Anatomy and the Pathology physiology. Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) introduced animal testing as an experimental method for testing surgical procedures before applying them to human patients. But in the recent years, it is observed that the practice of using animals for drug testing has come under rigorous criticism by the animal protection and animal rights groups. Truly medications and different medical items are routinely tried on animals before they are introduced into markets and used for human . Wh ile I tend towards the perspective that animal testing maybe ethically wrong, still I would have to support a limited amount of animal experimentation for the development of medicines keeping in mind the advantages of doing rather than just focusing on the negatives. Humans and animals transmit several sicknesses, and subsequently animals can act as models for the investigation of human ailment. For instance, rabbits experience the ill effects of atherosclerosis (solidifying of the arteries) and also infections, for example, emphysema, and life commencement surrenders, for example, spina bifida. Cats suffer from the ill effects of disease, diabetes and ulcers which make them candidates for exploration into these issue. From such models we figure out h... ...ing on animals such as using technological advances such as computer modeling, animation and simulation, epidemiology, in vitro research, virtual drug trials, micro dosing technologies, human cell and tissue methods, â€Å"human-on-a-chip† technology and post-marketing drug surveillance. Scientists have now started to adopt non animal testing methods around the globe. In some medical schools and universities animal testing have been totally replaced by the technological machines which is an advanced invention by the mankind. In conclusion, it can be said that regardless of development in the medical field , it is now time for a change using animals as default method for testing new innovation on animals must be stopped step by step. It might be wrong to completely boycott testing on animals for essential medicinal research until appropriate alternatives have been created. Essay -- More than 205,000 new drugs are introduced in markets worldwide every year after undergoing various acceptance tests. Over decades, a large number of animals have been utilized for testing new drugs on them, so as to spare human life. This can be proved from the fact that early physician, scientists, such as Aristotle and Erasistratus performed experiments on living animals. Similarly, Galen who was a giant in the history of medicine conducted animal experiments to advance the understanding of Anatomy and the Pathology physiology. Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) introduced animal testing as an experimental method for testing surgical procedures before applying them to human patients. But in the recent years, it is observed that the practice of using animals for drug testing has come under rigorous criticism by the animal protection and animal rights groups. Truly medications and different medical items are routinely tried on animals before they are introduced into markets and used for human . Wh ile I tend towards the perspective that animal testing maybe ethically wrong, still I would have to support a limited amount of animal experimentation for the development of medicines keeping in mind the advantages of doing rather than just focusing on the negatives. Humans and animals transmit several sicknesses, and subsequently animals can act as models for the investigation of human ailment. For instance, rabbits experience the ill effects of atherosclerosis (solidifying of the arteries) and also infections, for example, emphysema, and life commencement surrenders, for example, spina bifida. Cats suffer from the ill effects of disease, diabetes and ulcers which make them candidates for exploration into these issue. From such models we figure out h... ...ing on animals such as using technological advances such as computer modeling, animation and simulation, epidemiology, in vitro research, virtual drug trials, micro dosing technologies, human cell and tissue methods, â€Å"human-on-a-chip† technology and post-marketing drug surveillance. Scientists have now started to adopt non animal testing methods around the globe. In some medical schools and universities animal testing have been totally replaced by the technological machines which is an advanced invention by the mankind. In conclusion, it can be said that regardless of development in the medical field , it is now time for a change using animals as default method for testing new innovation on animals must be stopped step by step. It might be wrong to completely boycott testing on animals for essential medicinal research until appropriate alternatives have been created.

Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports Essay -- Sports Steroids Drugs E

Performance-Enhancing Drugs in Sports In all areas of sports, professional, college, and even high school, there is widespread illegal use of performance-enhancing drugs. Although there are many reasons for athletes to choose to use these drugs, the cost of such use, both to the athlete and to society can be extraordinarily high. It is important to understand why performance-enhancing drugs are used and what are the consequences of their use to the athlete and society. One of the reason athletes choose to use performance-enhancing drugs is to bulk up. Athletes have guidelines pertaining to size that must be met. If one wants to be a defensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL), one cannot weigh 175 pounds; so some athletes will use performance-enhancing drugs to make themselves gain weight. Another reason athletes will choose to use illegal drugs is to get more oxygen to their muscles. When blood and muscles are full of oxygen, one?s body can perform better. An athlete who has used a performance-enhancing drug to get more oxygen to his or her muscles can perform for longer periods of time. A third reason an athlete would choose to use an illegal drug is to stimulate the body. The reasons an athlete would need to keep his or her body stimulated are to reduce tiredness, to stay alert, and maintain aggressiveness. It is the same as when a person drinks coffee in the morning to perk him or herself up. One final reason an athlete would use performance-enhancing drugs is to mask an injury. For example, if a quarterback breaks his toe during the South Eastern Conference Championship game, there are two options: one, the quarterback can be taken out of the game or two, the trainer can give the quarterback an injection to take the pain away, allowing the quarterback to return to the game. In this instance the quarterback most likely would choose the injection due to the magnitude of the game and he would most likely feel an unconscious pressure from the fans, his teammates, and the coaches to do so. Often the decision to use is made without considering the risk. Athletes who make the decision to use performance-enhancing drugs do not focus on the side effects. They do not realize that gaining weight quickly and unnaturally is not healthy. They are risking having mood swings, aggressive behavior, or even life t... ...use performance-enhancing drugs for many reasons, justifying the benefits while ignoring the risks. We as a society do not condone drug use in sports, but at the same time we look the other way for the star athlete giving him a slap on the hand and warning him not to do it again. I believe as long as society puts the idea that being the best player and having the best team is the # 1 priority, the use of performance-enhancing drugs will only get worse. We will get the upper hand on the use of illegal drugs in sports only when we as society look at sports for exactly what they are, just games. Works Cited Edwards, K. (2005, January 8). During an interview on the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sports. MacAuley, D. (1996, July 27). Drugs in sports. British Medical Journal. Downloaded January 7, 2005 from Western International University online library, Info Trac, http://www.apollolibrary.com/Library/databases.aspx?db=0 McCaffrey, B. (2001). The United States Must Spearhead Reforms to Eradicate Drugs in Sports. Drugs and Sports. Downloaded January 7, 2005 from Western International University online library, Opposing Viewpoints, http://galenet.galegroup.com

Great White Shark

The great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, also known as the great white, white pointer, white shark, or white death, is a species of large lamniform shark which can be found in the coastal surface waters of all the major oceans. The great white shark is mainly known for its size, with the largest individuals known to have approached or exceeded in length, and in weight. This shark reaches its maturity around 15 years of age and can have a life span of over 30 years. The great white shark is arguably the world's largest known extant macropredatory fish, and is one of the primary predators of marine mammals.It is also known to prey upon a variety of other marine animals, including fish and seabirds. It is the only known surviving species of its genus Carcharodon, and is ranked first in having the most attacks on humans. The IUCN list the great white shark as a vulnerable species, while it is included in Appendix II of CITES. The bestselling novel Jaws by Peter Benchley and the sub sequent blockbuster film by Steven Spielberg depicted the great white shark as a â€Å"ferocious man eater†. In reality, humans are not the preferred prey of the great white shark.Taxonomy In 1758, Carolus Linnaeus gave the great white shark its first scientific name, Squalus carcharias. Later, Sir Andrew Smith gave it Carcharodon as its generic name in 1833, and also in 1873. The generic name was identified with Linnaeus' specific name and the current scientific name Carcharodon carcharias, was finalised. Carcharodon comes from the Greek words karcharos, which means sharp or jagged, and odous, which means tooth. Ancestry and fossil record The great white shark came into existence during the mid-Miocene epoch.The earliest known fossils of the great white shark are about 16 million years old. However, the phylogeny of the great white is still in dispute. The original hypothesis for the great white's origins is that it shares a common ancestor with a prehistoric shark, such as the C. megalodon. Similarities among the physical remains and the extreme size of both the great white and C. megalodon led many scientists to believe these sharks were closely related, and the name Carcharodon megalodon was applied to the latter. However, a new hypothesis proposes that the C. megalodon and the great white re distant relatives . The great white is also more closely related to an ancient mako shark, Isurus hastalis, than to the C. megalodon, a theory that seems to be supported with the discovery of a complete set of jaws with 222 teeth and 45 vertebrae of the extinct transitional species Carcharodon hubbelli in 1988 and published on November 14, 2012. In addition, the new hypothesis assigns C. megalodon to the genus Carcharocles, which also comprises the other megatoothed sharks; Otodus obliquus is the ancient representative of the extinct Carcharocles lineage.

Education-Strategy Essay

It is a common noesis in human development that individuals expect stark differences especially in their cognitive capacities and behavioral attributes. Education was then naturalised to somehow reconcile this individual miscellanea hence it is a essential for instructors to dispense substantial amount of their time to explicate and judge instructional approach and materials that they ordain employ in classes of heterogeneous public of students.To effectively facilitate the education verbotencomes of students, instructors at every level should map out their objectives for the specified topic of each instructional period. Teachers usually shake up different strategies in preparing a lesson some create exposit and meticulously encoded charts while other teachers seemingly scrawl down the notes for a concomitant topic at a chuck out piece of pad.Strategies in contrivening for an instructional approach are immaterial beca employment the nigh important endeavor is fo r the teacher to make out wise decisions about the feasibility of their instructional technique to the successful attainment of disciple goals. Furthermore, it is an educational requirement that teachers should be well-equipped of the intimacy that they are teaching because specialization of a particular subject issue effectually bolsters the realization of an educators intentional objective for the improvement of students cognitive competence. branch and foremost, before a teacher could line germane(predicate) topics for a subject matter and its corresponding intent the teacher must conduct a pre-assessment of the students capacity and skills in a class that is needed to be handled it can be in a form of a diagnostic assay or conversational question-and-answer approach. The teacher ideally should not carry out an impersonal treatment to the students since they are not fundamentally identical in aptitude and manners. aft(prenominal) guardedly assessing the individual needs of the students a teacher then must initiative in designing a lesson plan that is precisely appropriate for the learners demand.In delivering carefully prepared instructional scheme, a teacher must keep in perspicacity the unavoidable nuisance that may halt the proper execution of the lessons objectives. In addressing this kind of problem in the classroom, teachers should make use of rewards and punishments to further reinforce the need to clutch irresponsible learning behaviors and the encouragement of nakedness to knowledge enhancement. At the end of a specified topics timeframe, the teacher then is expected to administer a check-up prove.In doing so, a teacher must be aware of the following criteria in designing a see questionnaire the trial must coincide with the intended learning objectives the mental test questions should accurately recount the culture taught the test items must quantify relevant ideas and not those that are insignificant the test items must be able to assess the composite behaviors, the practical abilities or principles-application of the students and not just simply reckoning computer storage skills and lastly, the test questionnaire must be transcend and simple to avoid confusion.The test should not be purely objective because it cannot peak the reasoning abilities of students. Provide spaces in the test papers that exit measure the subjectiveness level and argumentative skills of the students. Commonplace banish feedbacks occur every later a test exam is successfully completed. general setbacks such as large percentages of weakness students occur that extremely pressures teachers because of strict shackle to the set timeframe of lesson plans.In cases of unforeseen problems analogous this, a teacher must commit time to communicate with the students to inquire the difficulties they have encountered in the entire instructional program. Subsequently, after the appraisal of the factors contributing to the failure of a large portion of students in the examination, the teacher may form study groups that will be evenly comprised of both penetrating and slow-learners.The teacher then must observe that the study groups discuss or brainwave about the previous topics while a new one is being elicited. Afterwards, the teacher may administer another test to evaluate the success of the remedial approach. workings CitedCenter for Teaching and Learning. Brigham Young University http//ctl. byu. edu/? page_id=343 decennium Must-Know Facts About Educational Testing. PTA Every Child, virtuoso Voice, 2000-2008 http//www. pta. org/archive_article_details_1117837372328. html