Future Of Reputation By David Solove - 867 Words

From that AOL software CD that arrived via snail mail, to those elaborate HTML backgrounds on Myspace, to today’s latest social media sites like Facebook, Instagram and Twitter, the Internet has steadily been growing and influencing society for over twenty years now. This impact has further complicated the balance between privacy and free speech. At the core of this debate is how reputations are affected by rumors, gossip, and shaming across the internet. In his book, future of reputation, David Solove argues, while technologies are constantly changing, human nature remains steadfast. The law must meet the challenge to address these ever-changing technologies’ effect on one’s reputation and strive to protect the privacy while ensuring the freedom of speech. Consider the case of a twenty-three-year-old Yale student who desired to be an investment banker. The ambitious man named Aleksey took an unorthodox route to secure employment with global financial giant UBS. Along with his rather a long eleven-page resume, he made a seven-minute video of himself and titled it, â€Å"Impossible is Nothing.† Clearly, the sole purpose of the video was to secure employment with UBS. Even though much of the content, exercising and dancing, had nothing to do with investment banking, Aleksey thought it would help him to stand out and separate from the pack. Nowhere did he express the content was About a week after the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995open for public view and submitted to HR inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book Future Of Reputation 1176 Words   |  5 Pagestwenty years now. Three authors, Neil Postman, Daniel Solove, and Walter Lippmann have explored how various media and symbols have shaped society through history to today. Postman, in Amusing Ourselves to Death, Public Discourse in Age of Show Business saw the dangers in the medium of television turning the serious subjects of religion, the news, and particularly politics i nto forms of entertainment. In his book, future of reputation, David Solove argues, the law must meet the challenge to addressRead MoreThe Impact Of Privacy On The Internet1618 Words   |  7 Pagesplatform, companies-particularity one such as IBM- had to lead on privacy† (McCreary pg. 5, 2008). He appointed Harriet Pearson as the chief privacy officer of IBM. Pearson developed privacy guidelines that the company has to follow on its’ current and future employees as well as its’ customers. IBM advices other companies about their data collection methods and whether if it is legal. Pearson and other privacy executives gather to discuss ideas about privacy and created an organization called the InternationalRead MoreHow You Can t Imagine Our Existence Without The Internet1514 Words   |  7 Pagespeople who live on our street, let alone in our building- or even next door. But at the same time, people scattered across the globe can now all gather in cyberspace to share ideas and information. Interestingly, the global community leads us toward a future that revives part of our past- life in the small settlements years ago. With the prevalence of the cell phone cameras, people can no longer engage in social infractions without risking being caught in the act, no longer can people hide in anonymity

Freakonomics Book Review Essay - 630 Words

Maria Vega March 9, 2010 Freakonmics: A Rougue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything What they were all responding to was the force of Levitt’s underly- ing belief: that the modern world, despite a surfeit of obfuscation, complication, and downright deceit, is not impenetrable, is not un- knowable, and—if the right questions are asked—is even more in- triguing than we think. All it takes is a new way of looking. - Stephen J. Dubner. Freakonmics is a book written by Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubuer. Steven d. Lennits is the living definition of the phrase â€Å" Think Outside the Box† He is not a typical economist, he even states it in the book’s introduction, â€Å"I’m not good at math, I don’t know a lot of econometrics, and I also†¦show more content†¦Would Roshanda by Any other name be smell as sweet? This chapter goes on by saying that even the name your parents assign to you shows a bit of their love. These as you can see they are not the usual chapter titles, these do leave you thinking â€Å"What?† or â€Å"Really why?† This keeps you reading. It is really hard not to be triggered by the answers of these questions and the interpretation of them in your daily lives. The facts that actually caught the most my attention was the on Chapter 4 was that he stated that as Crack become more popular they had a few more police going against it, but this actually d id not change much, it only made it better for drug dealer. You might wonder why? So read the book, just kidding. Here it goes, how the drugs Were now scarcer they could put the prices higher. This teaches us that we have to really look careful to what our government does, because we at the moment might think its better but it sometimes can be worse. This book is an eye opener, making you look at things in a different way changing your views and perspective of things we thought were impossible or that they had no relationship at all. He incentives you to formulate the correct questions by questioning everything that you feel curious about. Just remember what a genius once said, I have no special talent. I am only passionately curious.- Albert Einstein. Just remember how the book saysShow MoreRelated Book Review Freakonomics Essay1524 Words   |  7 PagesThese theories were not only logical, they were also encouraging, for they attributed the crime drop to specific and recent human initiatives, showing us that we had the power to stop it the whole time. Author Steven D. Levitt defines Freakonomics as ?the science exploring the hidden side of everything.? In this example, Levitt does just that. Instead of just accepting the conventional wisdom of the time, that the drop in crime rate could be attributed to an innovative police force, a goodRead MoreApplication of Freakonomics to Project Management1806 Words   |  8 PagesA Book Review of Freakonomics and Application to Project Management November 2010 Project Management Summary The idea to write Freakonomics began in 2003 when journalist and award winning author Stephen Dubner wrote a profile of economist Steven Levitt for the New York Times Magazine. At the time, Levitt, an Economics professor at the University of Chicago, was focusing his research efforts on answering unique and sometimes controversial questions concerning topics such as crime,Read MoreSuperfreakonomics a Personal Review1834 Words   |  8 PagesAbout The Book. â€Å"One of the most powerful laws in the universe is the law of unintended consequences† (Levitt, S. 2009) This is one of the primarily premises that the book establishes, with an extraordinary sense of humor and interesting data, Steven and Stephen set us in the real economics world, in which the common factors that all the teachers show to their students are applied in such a way that the real job is getting done. The way the authors write all the interesting facts of today ´s modernRead MoreFreakonomics by by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dunbar Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Freakonomics: A Rouge Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything†, is a best-selling book by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dunbar. Levitt describes the book as a effort to â€Å"strip away a layer or two from the surface of modern life and see what is happening underneath.† He does this by taking two seemingly unrelated events and associates them. From comparing teac hers and sumo wrestlers, to inquiring why crack dealers still live with their mothers Levitt and Dunbar manage to successfully putRead MoreAbortion Did NOT Reduce the Crime Rate Essay1945 Words   |  8 Pagescrime and the economy because of the economic indicators typically used to measure economic conditions (Rosenfeld Fornado, 2007). Levitt and Dubner summarized academic work done by Levitt and co-author Donohue, and assert in their book, Freakonomics, in the chapter titled â€Å"Where Have All the Criminals Gone?†, that because of Roe v. Wade, legalized abortion had an impact on crime (Levitt Dubner, 2009). The authors point to the early 1990’s, that just as the first cohort of children bornRead MoreInternet Piracy : Friend Or Foe?1327 Words   |  6 Pagesor Foe? Internet piracy has been debated about for almost two decades, and still its effects are not clear to the public. Piracy is the act of illegally copying files that have been copyrighted, usually things like music, movies, games, and even books. The music and film industry usually report about a sharp decline in sales because of piracy, but other experts disagree and some even claim that piracy is helping those industries. There are obviously many sides to this argument. Is piracy the problemRead MoreEssay on Review of Freakonomics1663 Words   |  7 PagesReview of Freakonomics This chapters main idea is that the study of economics is the study of incentives. We find a differentiation between economic incentives, social incentives and moral incentives. Incentives are described in a funny way as means of urging people to do more of a good thing or less of a bad thing, and in this chapter we find some examples Ââ€"publicRead MoreBroken Window Theory1773 Words   |  8 Pagesprison. Also, many large drug gangs were arrested at that time in New York leading to the end of high-fatality â€Å"turf wars† between crack dealers, (Kahan, 1997). The sum of all these factors may have led to the observed decrease in crime. In the book â€Å"Freakonomics†, economist Steven D. Levitt and journalist Stephen J. Dubner, propose that the legalisation of abortion during the ‘70s contributed heavily to the decrease in crime during the ‘90s. By reducing the birth of unwanted and possibly fatherlessRead MoreWhy Do Companies Advertise During The Nfl Super Bowl?2202 Words   |  9 Pagestitle? Are your Super Bowl commercials effective? A study into consumer brand recall against the creative treatment of Super Bowl commercials) – 06_11_14 Literature Review WIP#1 â€Å"People not only watch the Super Bowl for the game, they watch it for the commercials. If that not an advertisers dream I don’t know what is† (NFL Freakonomics episode 14, 2012). The NFL Super Bowl, the biggest television event of the year, every year. In 2014 the XLVIII Super Bowl called an unprecedented 111.5 million viewersRead MoreTourism Planning and Project Management1979 Words   |  8 Pagesbut that is not enough time for most to travel to a destination (Dubner, 2008). Hotel availability Hotels do not book based on the weather, they book based on the season. There may be times in which the surf reports are excellent and there is a windfall of bookings, but no place to stay; conversely, hotels do not charge based on the weather. Airlines Like hotels, airlines do not book or charge by the weather, but by the day of the week, month, season, etc. Their bookings may be full when surf conditions

Leading a school effectively is a skill that requires constant planning and development Essay Example For Students

Leading a school effectively is a skill that requires constant planning and development Essay Leading a school effectively is a skill that requires constant planning and development. A school leader can be defined as the person who is vested with formal authority over an organization or one of its sub units. He or she has status that leads to various interpersonal relations, and from this comes access to information. Information, in turn, enables the leader to devise strategies, make decisions, and implement action. Management is concerned with the optimum attainment of organizational goals and objectives with and through other people. Extension management organizations are characterized by many strategies, wide spans of control, social equality, and autonomy. Their management practices cannot be reduced to one standard set of operating guidelines that will work for all organizations continually. However, all leaders of professional organizations face the same challenge: to manage ones time, objectives, and resources in order to accomplish tasks and implement ideas. School leaders are painfully aware of the need for revision and development of the new skill sets held by todays high performers. If change is not handled correctly, it can be more devastating then ever before. High performers reflect, discover, assess, and act. They know that a new focus on connecting the heads, hearts, and hands of people in their organization is necessary. Astute school leaders know what needs to be done but struggle with how to do it. Quite often they prefer to consider themselves as teachers or communicators rather than managers. This results in under-utilization of the increasing amount of literature on management theory and practice. The root of the problem is implementation. They must learn how to motivate others and build an efficient team. More formally defined, management is the process by which people, technology, job tasks, and other resources are combined and coordinated so as to effectively achieve organizational objectives. A process or function is a group of related activities contributing to a larger action. Management functions are based on a common philosophy and approach. Such as:- à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ'  Developing and clarifying mission, policies, and objectives of the organization. â‚ ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ'  Establishing formal and informal organizational structures as a means of delegating authority and sharing responsibilities. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ'  Setting priorities and reviewing and revising objectives in terms of changing demands. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ'  Maintaining effective communications within the working group, with other groups, and with the larger community. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ'  Selecting, motivating, training, and appraising staff. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ'  Securing funds and managing budgets; evaluating accomplishments and, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ÃƒÆ'  Being accountable to staff, the larger activity, and to the community at large. A leader of the school must be the leader of the all the activities conducted by the organization. Therefore, it ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦s a conscientiousness of the leader to direct the leaning and teaching constantly. Being a leader, shaping the future is the most important aspect to be concerned. The leader should plan to implement and to achieve the organizational goals and to reach up to the vision and mission of the school. Planning forecasts the future needs of extension organizations. With the rapid changes in technology, developmental situation, and competitive environment, planning for future has become an important, challenging task for extension. Planning involves plans for future needs of personnel, their required skills, recruitment of employees, and development of personnel, making the place up to date, analyzing teaching and learning methodologies, making the parents aware of the school and getting their accompany are some of the key areas to think about. Human resource forecasting and human resource audit are the two most important components of this type of planning. Human resource forecasting refers to predicting an organizations future demand for number, type, and quality of various categories of employees. The assessment of future needs has to be based on analysis of present and future policies and growth trends. The techniques of forecasting include the formal expert survey, technique, statistical analysis, budget and planning analysis, and computer models. The human resource audit gives an account of the skills, abilities, and performance of all the employees of an organization. This needs to the job analysis. .uc4aacaa107a74e1d30a792cc25269215 , .uc4aacaa107a74e1d30a792cc25269215 .postImageUrl , .uc4aacaa107a74e1d30a792cc25269215 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc4aacaa107a74e1d30a792cc25269215 , .uc4aacaa107a74e1d30a792cc25269215:hover , .uc4aacaa107a74e1d30a792cc25269215:visited , .uc4aacaa107a74e1d30a792cc25269215:active { border:0!important; } .uc4aacaa107a74e1d30a792cc25269215 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc4aacaa107a74e1d30a792cc25269215 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc4aacaa107a74e1d30a792cc25269215:active , .uc4aacaa107a74e1d30a792cc25269215:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc4aacaa107a74e1d30a792cc25269215 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc4aacaa107a74e1d30a792cc25269215 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc4aacaa107a74e1d30a792cc25269215 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc4aacaa107a74e1d30a792cc25269215 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc4aacaa107a74e1d30a792cc25269215:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc4aacaa107a74e1d30a792cc25269215 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc4aacaa107a74e1d30a792cc25269215 .uc4aacaa107a74e1d30a792cc25269215-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc4aacaa107a74e1d30a792cc25269215:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Lesson Before Dying EssayJob analysis traditionally was done for purposes connected with recruitment, pay, administration, and supervision. But the increasing complexity of work has made job analysis an important instrument for developing people in organizations. Job analysis requires a systematic collection, evaluation, and organization of information about the job. This information is collected through interviews, mailed questionnaires, observation, study of records, and similar methods. The collected information becomes a basis for preparing job descriptions and specifications. The job description, or job profile, is a written statement which includes detailed specifications of duties to be performed, responsibilities, and working conditions and indicates what is expected of a job holder. A job specification is a profile of the human characteristics needed for the job, such as education, training, skills, experience, and physical and mental abilities. Extension organizations sometimes do not have clearly defined job descriptions or job specifications for extension personnel. The training and visit system of extension considerably improved the preparation of job charts, work plans, and time-bound work for different categories of extension personnel. However, the actual utility of job descriptions in extension organizations is complicated by factors such as work overload, seasonality of extension, the range of cropping systems, and distribution of extension service over a large area. Job analysis is needed to improve the performance and effectiveness of extension employees whether it is supervisor, teacher, administrative officer, secretary, Clark or even a laborer. Job analysis can more effectively contribute towards the development of extension personnel by adopting the procedures which involve identifying key performance areas and critical attributes. Management development programmes are meant to improve the managerial skills of senior-level extension officers and to prepare them for future roles. There is a great need for management development programmes in extension organizations because they face complex situations due to changing agricultural scenarios. Further, extension managers have to be exposed to modern management techniques and methods. Management development programmes have to be suited to the needs of top-level extension managers and should be based on needs analysis. Methods such as coaching, job rotation, training sessions, classroom instruction, and educational institute-sponsored development programmes are used to train managers. However, the ultimate measure of effective human resources within an extension organization is the performance of extension personnel. Thus performance appraisal is important for effective human resource management. Performance appraisal is a process of evaluating employee performance in order to guide and develop the employees potential. In many extension organizations which are government departments, the performance appraisal is nothing more than a confidential judgment of work done and a character report used to facilitate disciplinary action or promotion. The employees do not get feedback about their performance. Extension organizations need to have an open appraisal system to provide feedback and opportunities for open discussion with employees on their performance, because they have immense potential to grow and develop. This system can create a healthy working climate and employee motivation. Every organization has formal and informal groups. Formal groups are established by the management, while informal groups are spontaneous and developed to satisfy mutual interest of the members. Because work groups have a considerable influence on the work situation, supervisors should be sensitive to the needs of the group and develop skills to guide and achieve the groups goal, which will benefit the organization and the members. Effective extension supervision can use work groups in problem solving because they can provide many creative solutions. One way to improve supervisory effectiveness in a school is to develop a leadership style which represents the extension workers group interest at the higher level of organization. This will increase the confidence and morale of the work group. An understanding of group dynamics and their implications for increasing work-group performance is essential for extension supervisors. The organization will always need to enhance the resources not only the human but also the psychical resources. Most of the island schools are lack of resources. .u386065a92db97d5116a358f012e89964 , .u386065a92db97d5116a358f012e89964 .postImageUrl , .u386065a92db97d5116a358f012e89964 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u386065a92db97d5116a358f012e89964 , .u386065a92db97d5116a358f012e89964:hover , .u386065a92db97d5116a358f012e89964:visited , .u386065a92db97d5116a358f012e89964:active { border:0!important; } .u386065a92db97d5116a358f012e89964 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u386065a92db97d5116a358f012e89964 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u386065a92db97d5116a358f012e89964:active , .u386065a92db97d5116a358f012e89964:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u386065a92db97d5116a358f012e89964 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u386065a92db97d5116a358f012e89964 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u386065a92db97d5116a358f012e89964 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u386065a92db97d5116a358f012e89964 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u386065a92db97d5116a358f012e89964:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u386065a92db97d5116a358f012e89964 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u386065a92db97d5116a358f012e89964 .u386065a92db97d5116a358f012e89964-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u386065a92db97d5116a358f012e89964:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: None Provided10 EssayTherefore, it is very important to utilize the resources available at the highest level and get new resources needed for the organization. Therefore, it ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦s the leader who should be ready for the challenge of planning forecasts the future needs of extension organizations. So job analysis requires a systematic collection, evaluation, and organization of information about the job. Hence, the leader should also be a role model in the learning and teaching process, to accomplish the mission and vision of the organisation at the highest level.

Sharpeville Massacre free essay sample

SHARPEVILLE: BLOODY THE BATTLE THE EVENTS OF SHARPEVILLE (21 MARCH 1960), AND THE THREE WEEKS IMMEDIATELY FOLLOWING IT, HAVE OFTEN BEEN DESCRIBED AS A DECISIVE TURNING-POINT IN MODERN SOUTH AFRICAN HISTORY. DOES A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EVIDENCE HEAR OUT THAT VIEW? â€Å" one little boy had on an old blanket coat, which he held up behind his head, thinking, perhaps, that it might save him from the bullets. Some of the children, hardly as tall as the grass, were leaping like rabbits. Some were shot, too. Still the shooting went on † -Humphrey Tyler, Witness and Assistant Editor of Drum Magazine The Sharpeville massacre of 1960 and the events it precipitated had a profound and long lasting effect on South African society and the already volatile political climate of the time. This essay will contend that the unrestrained violence upon a peaceful demonstration proved to be a watershed moment that was decisive in determining the immediate future of the anti-Apartheid struggle, as well as determining the future direction of the Apartheid regime in South Africa. We will write a custom essay sample on Sharpeville Massacre or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This essay will detail the massacre, the events that lead up to it and it will highlight the responses of the government, resistance movement and international community. I will argue that these responses had a long lasting effect on the future direction of the apartheid state and anti-apartheid movement, thus making it a decisive turning point in modern South African history. Before one can appreciate the significance of the Sharpeville massacre, one must understand its historical background and political context. From 26 May 1948, South Africa was ruled by the National Party government, who came to power on the political platform of separateness, or Apartheid. As the rest of the western world moved to end racial segregation, South Africa entered a phase that saw sustained and institutionalised racism at the hands of a government who were representing the minority white race. Christopher Landsberg describes this period impassionedly, stating ‘the social engineering secured for whites a virtual monopoly of power-political, economic and social. Apartheid deliberately created poverty and racial inequalities (that) was at beast a sham democracy. ’ It was the institutionalised racism, however, that eventually lead to the unique set of circumstances that enabled the tragedy at Sharpeville to occur. Apartheid was implemented through a series of evolving laws from 1949 that directly affected all aspects of life for coloured people. Several laws already existed along racial lines, however, it was the National Party government that formalised its social policy on such laws. Prominent examples include the Mixed Marriage Act of 1949, the Immorality Act and the Population Registration Act of 1950 and the Bantu Education Act of 1953. These dictated that whites and non-whites could not marry or have sex, and that each person was officially designated a colour and race (and ultimately an identity) at the government’s discretion. Many families were broken up under these laws, in which some mixed raced families were reclassified, greatly disrupting –if not ending- many family relationships. To combat any opposition, the government created the Criminal Law Amendment Act which made any person associating with anyone who was protesting or repealing any law liable for criminal charges. The National Party also increased all forms of censorship and banned any organisation or publication pertaining to have communist links or sympathies, including several workers’ union, which had significant impacts for the predominately Black labour force. This was in line with international Cold War sentiment and, thus, the Suppression of Communism Act of 1950 was not seen as extreme. Understandably, resistance from oppressed racial groups intensified with time as these laws became more repressive and as their lives became increasingly restricted. Anti-apartheid and racial rights organisations such as the African National Congress (ANC) continued to rise to prominence with powerful doctrines such as the Programme of Action which was adopted in 1949 in Bloemfontein. The ANC’s ten point Freedom Charter of 1955 was another influential call to arms for the repressed groups of South Africa, inspiring them to take more direct mass action. However, the goals of the ANC did not by any means represent those of everyone in the anti-Apartheid struggle. This point was emphasised when the Pan African Congress (PAC) broke away from the ANC in November 1958, looking to represent a larger section of the South African population that were discontent with the apartheid regime. The most notable difference between the two groups was the PAC’s willingness to embrace the notion of multiracialism as a realistic political platform for the future, as opposed to the ANC’s purely Africanist objectives. The PAC also attracted the disenchanted youth demographic, who were eager to commit to their ideological beliefs with action. The PAC also focussed the need to assert their â€Å"African personality† and, as Sobukwe warned, ‘that acceptance of any indignity, any insult, any humiliation, is acceptance of inferiority’. Both groups, however, were inspired by Ghandi’s peaceful approach to resistance which had prevailed in India and, importantly, insisted upon peaceful, non-violent demonstrations at all times. Significant demonstrations in a developing Programme of Action succeeding the Defiance Campaign included a 1957 workers’ stay-at-home, the bus boycotts of Alexandra and Everton proved to be both successful and to a large extent, peaceful. The Sharpeville massacre occurred in unique circumstances, and proved to be a tragic event that would shape the future of the apartheid struggle. As both the PAC and the ANC struggled with the limitations of peaceful protests and police became increasingly nervous with greater responsibilities, a political boiling pot had begun to simmer. Gerhart contends that competition between the now rival anti-apartheid groups was steadily growing, which contributed to the rushed planning of events and relative level of disorganisation. Ross argues that these organisations also underestimated the ruthlessness of the police state mentality that was being hardened across South Africa. However, as Gerhart cites, Sobukwe wrote to the commissioner of police, Major General Rademeyer, assuring him of a peaceful protest and declared that crowds would disperse if given adequate warning and acknowledged the threat of ‘trigger happy, African hating’ police. In early 1960, both the PAC and the ANC announced individual plans to stage a mass, nationwide campaign against the humiliating Pass Laws. This would primarily entail the marching of large numbers of people to police stations, without their passes, to hand themselves in for arrest. The intention was to instigate major civil reforms and highlight the importance of personal freedoms. The brochure calling for the campaign against the Pass Laws (as issued by Sobukwe, a leader of the PAC) stated ‘NO BAIL! NO DEFENCE! NO FINE! ’ which exemplified their willingness for ‘SERVICE, SACRIFICE AND SUFFERING’ for their cause. On March 21, 1960 in the Transvaal region, a PAC stronghold, up to 20000 people converged on the Everton police station and approximately 4000 on Vanderbijlpark’s where they either burnt their passes or surrendered to police. As assured, most of these crowds diverged after warning shots were fired or threatening low flying military jets passed. However, Sharpeville was significantly different due to the police’s poor community relations. Raids were a daily occurrence in Sharpeville, corruption was rife, unemployment was high, housing costs were also disproportionately higher and there had been a significant rise in the influx of arrests and prosecutions in the area, all of which contributed to a more difficult life for Africans in the immediate area. 000 people converged on the Sharpeville station, and refused to leave as those in the other protests had. Several testimonies stated that the crowd was waiting for a top official who was rumoured to address them. Witness accounts vary as to what happened next, with some claiming protesters were fighting or throwing rocks (as in the Langa township where two people had been shot) whilst others stated that they were entirely peaceful. The police were also nervous after 9 police officers had recently been killed by a demonstration that had become violent in Cato Manor. Rusty Berstein states, ‘Suddenly in the midday heat, someone’s nerve cracks. A policeman inside the fence raises his rifle and opens fire. That becomes the signal for the whole police party to blaze away against the people, who flee for their lives. Whether the firing started in panic or on an officer’s orders is never established ’ 69 people are killed and a further 180 are estimated to be injured, and almost all were shot in the back. Some people were shot in nearby cafes by stray bullets, as were people in their yards and in front of the local ministers’ house. The New York Times quoted a senior police official who stated at the time, ‘I don’t know how many we’ve shot if they do these things, they must learn the hard way. ’ The significance of such an event cannot be underestimated. The events of the next three weeks and immediate reactions from the government, resistance movement and international community had long lasting implications for the apartheid regime. It were these implications that highlight how the massacre at Sharpeville -and three weeks immediately following it- was undoubtedly a decisive, watershed moment in modern South African history. The anti-apartheid movement responded to the massacre with grief, anger, disbelief and an overall new resolve to continue to resist the now murderous regime. As Ben Turok wrote in his autobiography, ‘Sharpeville had become one of the most symbolic events in South Africa’s liberation struggle. It was to ignite the anger of millions of oppressed and those with a conscience in South Africa and around the world’. The PAC gained significant amounts of public sympathy in the wake of the massacre, and support for the general aims of the ANC also increased. A national stay-at-home was announced to mourn the dead and was held for a week, beginning the day after the massacre; this effectively bought many businesses and industries to a standstill as the main source of labour stayed at home. Both the PAC and the ANC encouraged this strike whilst advocating non-violence. Police continued with brutal raids, they targeted the survivors of the massacre, and shot at those attempting to escape as police broke into their homes. This proved to be the main catalyst for the infamous march of 30000 in Cape Town. Lead by Philip Kgosana, a 23 year old who had recently dropped out of university to focus on political activities for the PAC, the march was intended to finish at the South African Houses of parliament. Police officials convinced him that it would be safer for the crowd to disperse in return for some concessions to be made and a meeting with the Minister for Justice that afternoon. When Kgosana returned for his meeting, he was arrested. Arguably the most significant impact of the Sharpeville massacre, however, was the realisation that non-violent resistance would prove futile in a police state such as South Africa. As Thompson asserts, it ‘was a watershed moment in modern South African history. nonviolent methods had achieved nothing except a series of defeats at the hands of a violent state’. Sharpeville marked the militarisation of the resistance movement and the creation of military wings to the ANC and the PAC. The ANC formed the Umkhonto we Sizwe (the Spear of the Nation, which would be lead by Nelson Mandela) and the PAC formed Poqo (Pure), both of which began a bombing campaign against industrial and government sites. As Leach suggests, the resistance movement’s direct response to Sharpeville marked the beginning of endemic violence in South Africa. The government’s response to the massacre -which effectively shaped the events immediately following it- also contributed to why it was such a decisive turning point for South Africa. They temporarily suspended pass arrests and focussed all resources on armoured patrols of potentially troublesome spots. Almost immediately, important leaders of the ANC and PAC were arrested under the Riotous Assemblies Act and the Public Safety Act, which contributed to the emergency situation. These arrests effectively paralysed the main resistance organisations in the short term, as up to the third or fourth layer of organisation had been removed. The day of Kgosona’s march in Cape Town (30 March) a state of emergency was declared. The timing of this was unquestionably impeccable. Just after Kgosona had dispersed the threatening crowds and he returned for his meeting with the Minister for Justice, the State of Emergency regulations enabled him to be arrested. The PAC and ANC were officially banned on April 6 under the Unlawful Organisation Act, sending all levels of organisation underground. The government was also forced to respond on an international level, with the South African representative to the United Nations leaving the table when pointed discussions surrounding the Sharpeville massacre arose. Amid criticism from British Prime Minister Macmillan after the massacre, the South African Prime Minister Verwoerd declared South Africa would become a republic. Similarly, the international response to the massacre and the events immediately following it proved to have lasting significance. The international condemnation and outcry marked a decisive turning point, whereby the global community began to actively speak out against the apartheid state. The New York Times adequately reflected international outrage at the shootings in an editorial the following day. It stated that ‘a policy which degrades the great majority of the people of a nation is certain to lead to tragedy Do the South Africans think that the rest of the world will ignore such a massacre? ’ Countries from across the world expressed disapproval of the events and of apartheid more broadly. Landsberg notes that strong counter reactions internationally included the establishment of the UN Special Committee Against Apartheid as well as the adoption of resolutions 134 of 1960 at the United Nations, deploring the South African government and its actions. The United States called the massacre ‘regrettable’ and a violation of the United Nations Charter on human rights. As previously discussed, another long term effect of the massacre was South Africa eventually becoming a republic after condemnation from Britain. The Sharpeville massacre drew international attention and criticism to the repressive and violent regime that existed in South Africa. This proved to be the first of many international political steps to end apartheid, thus cementing the massacre’s place as a decisive historical turning point. Critics argue that the Sharpeville massacre was not a decisive turning point and was instead a singular ineffectual moment at a volatile time. Gerhart notes that similar protests and boycotts later in 1960 and 1961 proved to be ‘abortive,’ indicating that a lasting impression had not been made, just as it had failed to inspire success in similar actions. Resistance became increasingly difficult after the banning of the ANC and PAC, as well as the arrest of a large proportion of their leadership groups. This is supported by the fact that it took another 30 years for the apartheid regime to fall, and that was only after international pressure and sanctions. However, these arguments fail to engage with the symbolic importance and nature of Sharpeville and the events that followed. As Frankel simply states, ‘Sharpeville is crucial to South African history in the last century because it represents an end, a beginning, a social commentary and an evaluation’. Sharpeville was not the bloodiest, most brutal or surprising attack on Blacks in South Africa’s history throughout Apartheid. Nor did it have the most dramatic international response or incite the largest protests in South Africa’s history. However, it was a moment that represented a direct change to how blacks, whites and the rest of the world viewed apartheid and gave both sides a new resolve that directly influenced the future events and ideologies surrounding apartheid. This in itself proves the massacre and ensuing events were a decisive turning point in South Africa’s history, and the power of this should not be underestimated. One may argue that the massacre and related events changed little in South Africa; however, this grossly miscalculates the importance of inspiring collective emotion, hope and emboldened desire when Africans had little else to fight with. After the massacre, the resistance movement was forced underground and turned militant, changing the battleground dramatically. The government asserted its resolve and police state mentality. The international community awoke to the realities of apartheid and began a long campaign against it. These are all long term effects of the massacre and the events that immediately followed it, which prove that it was a decisive turning point in modern South African history. BIBLIOGRAPHY Primary Sources Anon. ‘50 Killed in South Africa as Police Fire on Rioters’, New York Times, March 22, 1960. Anon, ‘Macmillan is Assailed’ New York Times, 21 March 1960. Anon, ‘South Africa Quits Debate; Disputes UN Jurisdiction’ New York Times, 2 April 1960. Anon, ‘The Tragedy at Sharpeville’ New York Times, 22 March 1960. ANC. ‘The Freedom Charter’, as cited in Thirty Years of the Freedom Charter, edited by Suttner, R. and Cronin, J. Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1986. Lodge, H. C. (US representative at the UN), as quoted in ‘Excerpts from Addresses in UN Security Council on South Africa Issue’ New York Times, 31 March 1960. PAC. ‘Document 47: Calling the Nation! ’ editied by Karis and Carter G. , From Protest to Challenge: A Documentary History of African Politics in South Africa 1882 -1964, Vol. 3, 1977. Secondary Sources Bernstein, Rusty, Memory Against Forgetting: Memoirs from a Life in South African Politics 1938-1964. London: Penguin, 1999. Clark Nancy L. and Worger, William H. South Africa: The Rise and Fall of Apartheid. London: Pearson Education Limited, 2004. Dubrow, Saul. The African National Congress, 2000. Frankel, Phillip. An Ordinary Atrocity: Sharpeville and Its Massacre. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. Gerhart, G. Black Power in South Africa: The evolution of an ideology, 1978. Landsberg, Christopher. The Quiet Diplomacy of Liberation: International Politics and South Africa’s Transition. Johannesburg: Jacuna Media, 2004. Leach, Graham. South Africa: No Easy Path to Peace. London: Routledge, 1986. Lodge, Tom. Black Politics in South Africa since 1945, London: Longman Group, 1983. Maharaj, Mac and Kathrada, Ahmed. Mandela: The Authorised Portrait. Rowville, Victoria: Five Mile Press Pty Ltd, 2006. Peffer, John ‘Mellow Yellow: Image, violence, and play in apartheid South Africa’ in Violence and Non-Violence in Africa edited by Ahluwalia, Pal, Bethlehem, Louise and Ginio Ruth. New York: Routledge, 2007. Ross, Robert. A Concise History of South Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Thompson, Leonard. A History of South Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990. Turok, Ben. Nothing but the Truth: Behind the ANC’s Struggle Politics. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball Publishers, 2003.

Micro and macro environments of Pick n Pay free essay sample

The micro environment is the smallest of the three environments. This is the environment that is influenced by the market and the macro environments. Pick n Pay can control their beliefs and visions in such a way that customers become used to the way they operate. Some of their values include: honesty, integrity, freedom of speech, the best deals for their customers, a good service for their customers, staff benefits and a chance for staff members to be promoted, reward and innovation and taking individual responsibility. Pick n Pay always promises their customers fresh vegetables and fruit and will go out of their way to make sure that this takes place, if a certain type of fruit or vegetable cannot be found in that season they will note the customers of this problem and apologise for the inconvenience. Pick n Pay is a company that cares for its people, we believe in relationships; you don’t come here looking for a job, but for a career. We will write a custom essay sample on Micro and macro environments of Pick n Pay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Pick n Pay official website, 19 March 2014). This shoes how much of a family business Pick n Pay is, it does this to create a â€Å"home† feeling where you can enjoy shopping. Pick n Pay’s goal is to make sure that people can look after themselves and fend for themselves at the same time as looking out for others and making sure that the community and the people around them are as well off as themselves. Pick n Pay wishes to enhance and develop their skills for the future and to continue making the lives of other people better. Market environment: The market environment surrounds the micro environment. There are many franchises of the company around South Africa and expanding northwards to other African countries. Pick n Pay has an online shopping facility to bridge a gap between the customers and the actual store itself. By using online shopping, customers who cannot get to the shop can now purchase items at the tip of their fingers, elderly people can shop for themselves and choose what they would prefer rather than getting a helper to do their grocery and clothes shopping and coming back home with items they don’t enjoy. Pick n Pay uses a term called â€Å"the four legs to the retail table† in making their business successful. These four legs consist of ‘administration,’ ‘merchandise,’ ‘advertising and social responsibility’ and the ‘people’. With these four ‘legs’ the company is able to run without a lot of complications. By advertising the company gets people to come from all over to check out their products, Pick n Pay has many advertising ideas such as making a bit of humour with the customers to put them in a good mood, for example: (Pick n Pay advertising images, 2014) These advertising ideas are clever, friendly and unique and it draws a customer’s attention. Pick n Pay wants to be able to build a comfortable and understanding relationship with their customers, Pick n Pay supplies a cash back method to attract customers by using their Smartshopper cards, this helps the employees to get a feel of peoples shopping habits and to help them with seeing when and where a promotion or sale is happening on a product they usually use. By making a good relationship with the customers, Pick n Pay is doing well with their market environment. Pick n Pay is expanding across Africa and most recent, their company will open in Auas Valley Centre and will occupy a large warehouse, as well as this there will be more parking available. Macro environment facing Pick n Pay in 2014: There is a hugely decreasing amount of ocean fish on the market which is threatening the sea food department in Pick n Pay. The WWF’s response to the deepening crisis was to seek out key retailer partners with whom to strategically work through the chain of custody, at one end informing consumers about the threat to our marine ecosystems to influence demand, while at the other engaging with the fishing industry around responsible harvesting (Pick n Pay official website, 2014). We as a community can help out this sea food crisis by supporting positive decisions made when regarding the conservation of fisheries. If we as people continue to eat illegal caught fish and seafood we will not be able to continue eating the foods we so enjoy. Weather is another factor that influences the Pick n Pay Company, for say there is not a substantial amount of rain, or the climate is not warm enough for certain plants to grow in 2014, some vegetables and fruits may not be available and this could really damage the goals and reputation of Pick n Pay.

Economics Impact For Tourism Tourism Essays

Economics Impact For Tourism Tourism Essays Economics Impact For Tourism Tourism Essay Economics Impact For Tourism Tourism Essay The theoretical survey was conducted to depict the theoretical facets with a focal point on facets of comparing the boundary line town and the tourisms part to the province economic system and the state. For that, the location of the selected instance survey is the Rantau Panjang ( Majlis Daerah Pasir Mas ) , Pengakalan Kubur ( Majlis Daerah Tumpat ) and Bukit Bunga ( Majlis Daerah Tanah Merah ) . Third three boundary line metropoliss such as stated in the National Urbanization Policy ( NUP ) is the focal point of the concern activity for tourers sing the province of Kelantan.Thus, indirectly doing the surveies country as a taking concern touristry location in the province of Kelantan as Padang Besar in Perlis Indera Kayangan and Bukit Kayu Hitam in Kedah Darul Aman. Furthermore, through theoretical research carried out, the information obtained will be used as a footing for measuring the boundary line town which impact economically executable with the reaching of tourers to the country. The boundary line town will represents of Kelatan to vie with Padang Besar in Perlis and Kedah Bukit Kayu Hitam, all next to Narathiwat state in southern Thailand will be developed with more vivacious intended to advance tourer reachings thereby bettering the economic position of the local people, the province and the state. 2.2 Definition Definition is an of import thing for a thing easy understood by the reader. Thing defined is: 2.2.1 Comparative Refer to Pearson Education Limited ( 2000 ) , comparative agencies comfort freedom etc. that is reasonably good when measured or judged against something else or against what the state of affairs was earlier. For illustration, After a life-time of poorness, his last few old ages were spent in comparative comfort . Other that, Pearson Education Limited ( 2000 ) defined comparative is a survey etc. that involves comparing something to something else that is similar such as The agent prepared a comparative market analyses. Last, the book besides added comparative is person who is non truly a novice etc. but who seems to be one when compared to other people like Even though we ve lived here five old ages, we re still considered comparative fledglings , Pearson Education Limited ( 2000 ) . 2.2.2 Boundary line A boundary line town is a town or metropolis near to the boundary between two states, provinces or parts. Normally the term implies that it is one of the things the town is most celebrated for. Border towns can hold extremely widely distributed communities, a characteristic they portion with port metropoliss. They can besides be flash points for international struggle ( Wikipedia ) . It besides added, in Malaysia, we have eight boundary line towns where one Malaysia to Singapore and other seven are Malaysia to Thailand. Border town for Malaysia to Singapore is between Johore Bharu / Woodlands and for Malaysia to Thailand are Bukit Kayu Hitam ( Kedah ) / Sadoa, Padang Besar ( Perlis ) / Songkhla, Wang Kelian ( Perlis ) / Satun, Pengkalan Hulu ( Perak ) / Betong, Pengkalan Kubor ( Kelantan ) / Tak Bai, Rantau Panjang ( Kelantan ) / Sungai Golok and Bukit Bunga ( Kelantan ) / Buketa. 2.2.3 Town Refer to Yuen ( 1999 ) , in her book Sustainable Cities In the twenty-first Century , metropolis or town is a strategic type of topographic point for development economic globalisation and cardinal topographic point to the multiple circuits. Harmonizing to Mohamad Sulong ( 1985 ) , a metropolis is a mix between topographic points with dwellers. City is besides defined as a whole of natural elements, societal and semisynthetic those are grouped in one the country s most thickly settled. At the same clip the population has a high cultural accomplishments including diverseness of accomplishments but are unable to bring forth sufficient energy such as bring forthing nutrient. Additionally Sulong Mohamad said, the metropolis can besides be considered an unfastened ecosystem that developed urban civilization through the exchange of stuffs and energy. There are two constituents that are the footing for the formation of urban metropolis inhabitants and the urban environment. Obviously it shows that the metropolis is an ecosystem in which it occurs in three interactions, viz. : Feedback continues to go on in the metropolis between the human, cultural and physical environment. Physical or natural environment may act upon the signifier, map and growing of metropoliss and Urbanization involves alterations to the environment ; However, the metropolis exists through a procedure known as urbanisation and urbanisation that contains the followers: Minimal population of 10,000 people ; Colonies and committed country approved ; Minimum gross denseness of population is 50-60 people per hectare ; 60 % of the population aged 15 old ages and above work. Harmonizing Katiman Rostam ( 1988 ) , urbanisation as a procedure of alteration a colony to the metropolis. This procedure of alteration is normally seen in footings of the constituents consist of the size of population, demographic, economic and cultural development which will alter from the countrified nature into the metropolis. Kingsley Davis ( 1972 ) besides stated the township as a procedure of concentration of population life in the part can be considered urban. It is measured by comparing the per centum of population life in metropoliss with life in rural countries. Urbanization is besides a procedure of building and urban growing. This means that any addition in the urban population is a consequence of internal growing, in-migration and the development of urban infinite itself. Population growing and development in an urban infinite coincide for both types of these developments influence and it is besides influenced by the environment. 2.2.4 Tourism The Consice Oxford Dictionary defines touristry as organised touring , yet this definition poses more inquiries than it answers. One of the first serious efforts to specify touristry was by Professor Hunziker and Krapf of Berne University. They defines touristry as the amount of the phenomena and relationship originating from the travel and stay of non-residents in so far as they do non take to lasting abode and are non connected with any earning activity. Another manner to near the construct of touristry is to analyze the separate elements that the word comprises. Tour means to travel or go through ism denotes a aggregation of thoughts and theories. Using this attack, Leiper ( 1990 ) says that touristry is the set of thoughts, the theories or political orientations for being a tourer and it is the behavior of people in tourers functions when the thoughts are put into pattern. Jafari ( 1977 ) viewed touristry from an academic point of view as a field of survey. He defined touristry as the survey of adult male off from his usual home ground of the industry which responds to his demands and of the impacts that both he and the industry have on the hosts socio economic and physical environment. 2.3 Measuring the Economic Impacts of Tourism Alan Collier ( 1989 ) , mensurating the economic impact of touristry is non easy undertaking due to the fact that it is non frequently regarded or recognised as an industry per Se by states for statistical intents. This is because industries are normally categorised or defined in national histories as a group of manufacturers providing or bring forthing a similar merchandise or service. He besides adds, touristry merchandises and services can cut transverse criterion industry definitions. This means that methods of measuring, other than a state s standard industrial categorization, are needed if the touristry industry s true part to a state s economic system is to be recognised. Refer to The World Travel and Tourism Council ( WWTC ) , produces information on the economic significance of universe touristry besides utilizing Tourism Satellite Accounting. The Tourism Account is based on a demand side construct of economic activity. To implement a demand side attack for touristry, the Satellite Account identifies two major constructs: Travel and Tourism Consumption Travel and Tourism Demand These constructs differentiate between the proficient industry impact ( Travel and Tourism Consumption ) and the broader travel and touristry economy impact ( Travel and Tourism Demand ) . Loosely talking, the industry impacts are identifiable as direct impact while the economy impacts can be identified as the amount of both direct and indirect impacts ( The World Travel and Tourism Council ) . The council besides add, from an industry ( ingestion ) position, travel and touristry green goodss merchandises and services which visitants consume. These include: 2.3.1 Consumer Outgo Consumer Expenditure besides know as Personal Travel and Tourism or Personal Consumption Expenditure ) . These include the personal disbursement by occupants ( domestic touristry ) on services that are usually associated with travel and touristry ( adjustment, transit, amusement, repasts, fiscal services, etc. ) every bit good as goods which are purchased by occupants and used for travel and touristry activities. Consumer outgos are normally the largest constituent of the demand side industry. 2.3.2 Business Travel This includes the outgo of both concern and authorities on concern travel. This outgo mirrors that of personal ingestion ( transit, adjustment, repasts, amusement, etc. ) but is undertaken in the class of concern or authorities work. 2.3.3 Government Expenditures ( single ) This point includes authorities support of sections and bureaus which provide services and / or support to tourers or touristry administrations. Examples include the support of NTOs, runing in-migrations and imposts installations and the disposal of national park and militias, museum, etc. 2.3.4 Visitors Exports Visitors exports are outgos by international visitants on goods and services in a resident economic system. And, from an economy ( demand ) position, travel and touristry green goodss merchandises and services for visitant ingestion ( as discussed ) every bit good as merchandises and services for industry demand, including: 2.3.5 Government Expenditures ( corporate ) Government outgos by bureaus and sections associated with travel and touristry, but made on behalf of the community at big, such as air power disposal, security services, sanitation services, route, etc. 2.3.6 Capital Investment Capital investing by travel and touristry suppliers ( the private sector ) and authorities bureaus ( the populace sector ) to supply installations, equipment and substructure to visitants. 2.3.7 Exports ( non-visitor ) This which include consumer goods sent abroad for ultimate sale to visitants ( such as vesture, electronics or gasolene ) or capital goods sent abroad for usage by industry services suppliers ( such as aircraft or cruise ships ) . 2.4 Tourism Growth and National Economies Harmonizing to Andrian Bull ( 1991 ) , was said holding examined some of the microeconomics related to travel and touristry, and in peculiar the functions of tourers in demand and touristry administrations in supply. In many economic systems, the travel and touristry sector has for clip been recognised as a major country of activity which both draws upon the resources of those economic systems and affects their nature and development. Then he adds, authoritiess have progressively seen tantrum to utilize touristry as a topic or agent of macroeconomics policies. Tourism frequently has a high engagement in policies related to employment degrees or the balance of payments whose significance in modern macroeconomic direction is high. 2.4.1 The National Economy In the book The Economicss of Travel and Tourism, Adrian Bull ( 1991 ) was province that the size and value of a national economic system is usually expressed as the entire value of all goods and services produced by the economic system during a specified clip period such as on twelvemonth. For convenience it calls Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) . The two chief elements of GDP are goods and services produced for ingestion ( C ) , or usage in their ain right and those produced for fixed capital formation or investing ( I ) in capacity to bring forth farther goods and services. This simple definition GDP = C + I assumes that an economic system is closed to foreign trade. As this is an unrealistic premise for about all economic systems, should include the value of all exports ( X ) , but exclude that of all imports ( M ) of goods and services during the chosen clip period. The definition is so improved a small and reads GDP = C + I + X Meter, ( Adrian Bull, 1991 ) . Adrian Bull ( 1991 ) province more, travel and touristry is likely to calculate in all facets of GDP. First, most outgo by tourers would be regarded as ingestion disbursement ( C ) , if it is for domestic touristry or for the place provided elements of an international trip. Second, outgo by concerns on edifice, works equipment and so on to supply touristry services is portion of investing ( I ) , much of which is likely to be authorities outgo particularly on substructure. Third, a tourer who is passing money in a foreign state or going on transit services owned by other states is in a sense importing services. This outgo is a escape from the national economic system. Finally, he said, the rearward state of affairs provides an export when a state can sell its transit or touristry services to international tourers from elsewhere. 2.4.2 Factors Affecting Tourism s Contribution to GDP Variations in touristry s functions in and part to national economic systems in different states are caused by a figure of factors. Some of these are demand side factors ( that is the importance of touristry is partially determined by the strength of domestic and inward demand for local touristry ) , but the ability of a touristry sector to spread out within an economic system to fulfill these demands and make more depends more often on supply side factors. Tourism in this regard is no different from any other sector ( Adrian Bull, 1991 ) . The factors are: The Stock of Resources In traditional economic footings, these include the resources of land, labor, capital and endeavor. Travel and touristry make some particular calls on peculiar resources concerned with land and its properties and the singularity or simple ownership of these properties can finally order whether or non an economic system is likely to be able to back up a touristry sector. De Kadt ( 1979 ) was province, the function and activities of modern touristry nevertheless demand far more than merely land properties. Most touristry involves some component of service which requires a competent and willing labour force. Whilst many occupations in the industry may non necessitate a really high degree of traditional accomplishments or makings the presence or absence of a pool of labor with a positive attitude towards touristry and tourers is of critical importance. Equally, an economic system s willingness and ability to provide the capital investing required for a touristry industry, in the form of substructure, hotels ; transit and so on will act upon the size to which that industry can turn. The State of Technical Knowledge Many less developed states have regarded touristry as an easy industry to develop, because it demands comparatively low engineering compared with many other industries and accomplishments which can be easy mastered. Examples range from the ability to run fleets of big cost efficient aircraft with the associated engineering in reserves and rider handling, through to proficient invention in supplying more interesting all season attractive forces. When proficient progresss are applied to bing inputs of other resources, they enhance the productiveness of the industry concerned and hence its part to GDP. Certainly at that place will ever be a topographic point for low engineering touristry, peculiarly whilst there are market sections which intentionally seek out the simple or natural life ( current manners in ecotourism support this position ) , but dominant civilizations in touristry bring forthing countries will guarantee that returns within touristry sectors will go on to be high where supported by good proficient cognition and applications. Social and Political Stability Adrian Bull ( 1991 ) , was give his sentiment that, non-economic factors, peculiarly cultural and political 1s have long been recognised by economic experts as critical in finding the capableness and growing of sectors in an economic system. Since consuming tourers must travel to the factory to purchase the merchandise, societal and political conditions in that factory will straight act upon the acceptableness of the merchandise and hence the success of the industry. Social and political stableness has been cited as features of the touristry merchandise ( Van Raaji 1986, Woodside and Lysonski 1989 ) , which for many touristry sections straight influence demand. As societal and political conditions may be far more variable in a finish than say the stock of productive resources they are more likely to be responsible for short term fluctuations in the value of the touristry sector. Attitudes and Habits Adrian Bull ( 1991 ) agrees another major non-economic determiner is that of psychosocial values both of providers and devouring tourers. First, the attitudes of a host population towards tourer and in peculiar those of workers within the touristry sector are an of import aspect of the touristry merchandises and their influence is similar in nature to that of societal and political stableness. Second, they said on the demand side, touristry devouring wonts are of import. Burkart and Medlik ( 1981 ) were province two bring forthing markets with similar degrees of income may all things being equal have different leanings to go. This may be a map of cultural and traditional values, attitudes or the quality of clime and physical milieus at place. Investing Economies which possess a good stock of resources available for usage in touristry may hold a head start in developing the sector but the degree of investing or fixed capital formation which an economic system undertakes is progressively of import. Compared with heavy fabrication for illustration, touristry has non traditionally required such significant investing in works and equipment per dollar of end product yet some countries of the industry are going more demanding of fixed capital formation notably rider passenger car, adjustment and substructure ( Adrian Bull, 1991 ) . Adrian Bull attention deficit disorder more, some investing is required to replace worn out capacity such as replacing old aircraft or worn out hotel trappingss. However, an industry which is both to a great extent influenced by manner tendencies and hosts its clients in its factory , must necessarily put in new and expanded installations as portion of its competitory scheme. An economic system s ability and willingness to supply finance for such investing influences touristry s function in that economic system. 2.4.3 Problem in Measuring Tourism s Contribution to GDP In the book The Economicss of Travel and Tourism, Adrian Bull ( 1991 ) , gauging the value to any economic system of any sector is ever a slippery process. Estimating the value of a service sector is possibly even more hard than with goods, owing to the non-tangible nature of merchandises. Tourism is peculiarly hard because of the fuzzed definitions of services included in it. He said once more despite these troubles, most states still try to supply an estimation of the value of touristry for comparative and planning intents. This value will be a drumhead of private commercial minutess openly accounted for. However, it will be unequal to allow an accurate appraisal of the real value of the sector because it will be omit some positive and negative points the most of import of which are: Unpaid Services Unpaid services are those performed for no payment or a payment in sort or reciprocality. If no payment of any sort is made, one can reason that no economic activity has taken topographic point even though the service exists but an economic dealing surely exists for a mutual or barter payment. Non Accounted Services Non accounted services are those which take topographic point and for which payment is received normally in hard currency but are non accounted for usually. This may be to avoid revenue enhancement, rewards ordinances or for simple convenience the overall consequence is sometimes designated the black economic system. Non accounted services are really common in travel and touristry peculiarly in cordial reception, cab drive, and keepsake merchandising and so on where there is frequently much portion clip work, tips and 2nd occupations or moonlighting. Many research workers have attempted to gauge the size of the block economic system but by definition this is about impossible. Fanciful Costss Fanciful costs are those which relate in rule to activity A, but are accounted for within activity B. One illustration in touristry comes from 2nd place ownership. If a vacationist buys a 2nd place which appears merely as a one time and for all belongings purchase that place may be used by holidaies. Owners so pay no recurrent adjustments costs, but may be considered to be paying a notional rent to themselves equal to the commercial rental value of their belongingss. This is portion of the real value of touristry. Public and Private Revenue Distribution Public and private gross distribution concerns the differentiation between sourcing and utilizing grosss earned by the private sector in one country, but spent by the populace sector in another. For illustration, if a authorities levies a tourer revenue enhancement and uses this gross in outgo on agricultural support, it must be decided whether touristry includes the gross value cyberspace of revenue enhancement with the revenue enhancement being included under agribusiness. Otherwise there would be dual numeration. Balance of Payments Anomalies Balance of payments anomalousnesss in countries such as touristry investing repatriation of net incomes and foreign exchange values of touristry grosss expressed in drifting currencies, cause measuring jobs. Social Costss and Benefits Social costs and benefits are the differences between the value of private commercial minutess and their value to an economic system or society as a whole including 3rd parties. Travel and touristry brings benefits but imposes costs on 3rd parties in many ways in such a manner that the societal net merchandise of the sector may be rather different from the private net merchandise. It has been suggested ( Samuelson 1989 ) that this can be accounted for throughout an economic system by utilizing the Nordhaus Tobin step of Net Economic Welfare for an economic system instead than GDP. Social costs and public assistance ensuing from touristry are having increased attending from economic experts ( Clarke and Ng 1993 ) . Public Goods Public goods are in a sense portion and package of societal benefits. Governments are progressively cognizant of the value to society of for illustration, national park, outstanding scenery or heritage edifice for which no tourer entryway monetary value has hitherto been charged. The existent value of touristry might include the fanciful monetary values that users may be willing to pay multiplied by the figure of users. 2.5 Methods of Measurement Tourism analysts have identified four chief basic measuring methods ( Frechtling 1987a ) : Direct Observation of Outgo Ideally, to follow tourers everyplace and enter their outgo would supply an accurate record of a ingestion attack to GDP part. This is obviously impossible and would even be hard to carry through for a sample of tourers whose consequences could so be multiplied by entire tourer Numberss. The lone executable alternate prevarications in acquiring a sample of tourers to diarise their ain outgo. Direct Observation/Census of Receipts A direct income attack to rating consequences from aggregating all gross revenues grosss figures from touristry endeavor. This information may come from authorities trade ministry nose count returns or revenue enhancement returns instead than from direct point of sale observation. Analysts have noted that whilst touristry gross revenues values by travel concerns or bearers are moderately accurate values from amusement, diversion, lodging and similar concerns are less so merely because many providers can non separate to the full between gross revenues to tourers and gross revenues to non-tourists. Surveies of Tourists En path or in finish sample studies of tourers are used widely in touristry value analysis. They can be reasonably dependable except for callback prejudice, and unrealized purposes ( in a study carried out when a tourer stay in unfinished ) . For those go throughing through entry or issue points to a finish, gate methods are available that is entry or issue studies. These are popular for usage with international tourers at issue ports. Another job is that to multiply outgo by tourers Numberss is easy plenty for international tourers where in-migration record are held but house servants tourers Numberss are often no better than a guesstimate . Household Surveys It is possible to gauge touristry outgo at the bring forthing point by family studies in which general family outgo can be disaggregated and touristry disbursement isolated. Coupled with an analysis of concern travel disbursals from revenue enhancement returns these can supply a moderately dependable image of touristry coevals outgo. In pattern many analysts combine the above methods and may farther construct them into simulation theoretical accounts of assorted sorts. For illustration, a known dislocation of touristry and non-tourism disbursement in a travel sector can be applied to gauge the touristry constituent of outgo in a housing sector or one can multiply known procedure of tourer merchandises by estimated visitant figure. Most such theoretical accounts are an aggregate theoretical account that is ; they build up a entire value for travel and touristry from single sector or local country outgo. Bank Returns In some fortunes other methods of touristry value measuring are available. In economic systems whose foreign exchange controls are tight and where incoming international tourers must pass in the local currency ( presuming import and export of that currency is non permitted ) , the entire value of personal foreign currency exchanges reported by Bankss frequently provides an estimation of foreign tourers disbursement. 2.6 Forecasting the Value of Tourism Refer to Adrian Bull ( 1991 ) , in order to supply for policy and planning, many authoritiess and other establishments attempt to calculate facets of touristry activity. In the context of GDP, the most of import prognosiss are those of touristry demand ( in Numberss of tourers domestic, inbound and outbound ) and touristry outgo either in absolute footings or relation to the remainder of GDP. The variables are normally: Number of tourers Entire outgo or per capita outgo Tourism market portions The touristry sector portion of GDP 2.7 State of Kelantan Structure Plan Structure Plan is a papers that contains the physical planning policy and strategic recommendations with regard to the province of development and usage of land. It is provided by the Director of the State Planning so approved by the State Planning and must be agreed to by the State. State Structure Plan was gazette by NO.1 Vol 62 on January 1, 2009. It s called KELANTAN STRUCTURE PLAN 2020. Policies outlined State Structure Plan ; 2003-2020 will be the footing of the cardinal mention in the planning and development of the touristry sector Pasir Mas territory. Even the appropriate policies are translated into programs, plans and development undertakings in the study findings and farther detailed in the Draft Local Plan. Give the resulting policy is the policy of the province, so it will be adjusted harmonizing to the involvements and demands of touristry development in Pasir Mas territory graduated table. Two constituents, viz. policy specific policies and policy topics as follows: DSaˆ?PLl: Lima ( 5 ) zon pelancongan dengan niche produk masingaˆ?masing akan dibangunkan bagi memperkukuhkan lagi daya tarikan pelancongan negeri Kelantan secara keseluruhannya DSaˆ?PL2: Pembangunan empat hirarki nodusaˆ?nodus perkhidmatan pelancongan bagi mempertingkatkan kualiti dan kuantiti penyediaan kemudahan pelancongan, infrastruktur dan informasi. DSaˆ?PL3: Pemeliharaan alam semula jadi perlu diutamakan melalui pembangunan eko pelancongan dan geo pelancongan yang mampan, khususnya bagi kawasan sensitif alam sekitar agar kualiti persekitaran sedia adenosine deaminase tidak terjejas secara kritikal. DSaˆ?PL4: Memperbaiki dan mempertingkatkan taraf kemudahan sokongan pelancongan sedia adenosine deaminase bagi mencapai kualiti perkhidmatan dan produk yang bertaraf antarabangsa untuk menarik ketibaan pelancongan yang lebih ramai DSaˆ?PL5: Pemantauan dan pengawalan kualiti perkhidmatan dan produk pelancongan perlu dijalankan secara berkala dan berterusan untuk menghasilkan tahap keselesaan dan kepuasan pelancongan yang memuaskan di samping mewujudkan tarikan yang value for money . DSaˆ?PL6: Mempertingkatkan usaha pemasaran dan promosi yang disasarkan kepada dua segmen utama iaitu pelancongan antarabangsa dan domestik berdasarkan produkaˆ?produk pelancongan yang spesifik. DSaˆ?PL7: Menyelaraskan plan pembangunan, promosi dan pemasaran produk pelancongan bagi mewujudkan suatu plan kempen pemasaran yang menyeluruh, mantap, telus, konstan dan berdaya saing. DSaˆ?PL8: Mempertingkatkan tahap kesampaian parity pelawat ke kawasan tarikan dengan penyediaan sistem rangkaian pengangkutan yang lebih efektif, efisien dan selamat. DSaˆ?PL9: Memastikan agar pembangunan pelancongan akan memberikan pulangan ekonomi kfpada penduduk setempat di samping mengambil kira nilai sosial dan kebudayaan masyarakat tempatan. DSaˆ?PL10: Pembangunan industri hasil kraftangan tempatan perlu diintergrasikan untuk meningkatkan position kraftangan Kelantan, di samping memberikan pulangan ekonomi kepada penduduk setempat. DKaˆ?PL1: Membangunkan produk tinggal bersama keluarga di kampungaˆ?kampung terpilih sebagai perintis projek di dalam usaha untuk mempertlngkatkan taraf ekonomi penduduk tempatan. serta memperkenalkan kampung tersebut sebagai satu destinasi pelancongan utama. DKaˆ?PLl: Membangunkan produk geo pelancongan yang Akan menjadi suatu tarikan pelancongan alternatif yang unik bagi menarik pelancong antarabangsa dan tempatan pada Masa hadapan. 2.8 Local Plan 2.8.1 Rantau Panjang 2.8.2 Pengkalan Kubor 2.8.3 Bukit Bunga 2.9 Decision

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A Chinese Multinational Computer Hardware Marketing Essay

A Chinese Multinational Computer Hardware Marketing Essay Lenovo Group Limited is a Chinese multinational computer hardware and electronics company with its operational headquarters in Morrisville, North Carolina, United States and its registered office in Hong Kong. Its products include personal computers,  tablet computers,  mobile phones, workstations,  servers, electronic storage devices, IT management software and  smart televisions (Wikipedia, 2012). Lenovo is the dominant supplier of computers in Mainland China; however,  current economic system is transferred to be more globalised, integrated and interdependent. Thus for many enterprises or just like Lenovo, to have a plan on the international expansion strategies is of the essence. This report will analyse Lenovo PC businesss marketing mix and marketing strategy through environment, target market, positioning, and 4P. Brand History and Evironment 1.1 Brand History In 1984, with an initial capital outlay of only RMB200,000, (US$25,000) Lenovos founding chairman Liu Chuanzhi, together with 10 like-minded colleagues, launches the New Technology Developer Inc which was named Legend at that time (Lenovo Company History, n.d.). By 1989, now known as Hong Kong Legend has branded out into motherboard manufacturer and it has changed its name to Lenovo and launched itself on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in 1994 (Malone, 2004). In 1996, Legend became the market share leader in China for the first time and introduced the first Legend brand laptop to consumers. In 2005, Lenovo completes the acquisition of IBMs Personal Computing Division, making it a new international IT competitor and the third-largest personal computer company in the world (Lenovo Company History, n.d.). According to the data, Lenovo has become the worlds second largest supplier of  personal computers  during the third quarter of 2011, which held around 13.5% of the worldwide compute r market as of October 2011 (Conn, 2011). Today, Lenovo is a global corporation with significant operations on six continents and operating in more than 60 countries and selling products in 160 countries (wikipedia, 2012). 1.2 Internal Environment Figure 1 Marketing Environment Competitive Economic Macro-environment Micro-enviroment Political-Legal Technological Social-Culture Competitors Customers General Public Distributors Suppliers Internal environment Men Money Machinery Materials Minutes Started from a square room, only 11 individuals Lenovo Group, currently has more than 10,000 employees. Facing with rapid development of the internet, April 2000, Lenovo Group restructured the whole company, from the division as the core system to a subsidiary of the core change in the system. Today, Lenovo has the most advanced technology in China, the high-level professionals, and abundant capital support, for example, its gross profit margin improved 11.7 percent in 2011 (Lenovo, 2011). Meanwhile, the Lenovo Groups management level has been committed to developing the development strategy, implementing the management philosophy, maintaining and carrying forward the corporate culture, in order to make the Lenovo to become a long-term, large scale high-tech enterprise. 1.3 Micro-Environment 1.3.1 Bargaining power of suppliers PC belongs to sophisticated instrument; therefore, the worldwide major CPU vendors are only two: AMD and INTEL. So the CPU suppliers has a strong bargaining power. On the other hand, there are many hardware providers in Chinese mainland, so for Chinese PC market, the local brand Lenovo has obvious advantages. 1.3.2 Bargaining power of buyers Because more and more PC brands can be chosen by consumers in global market, consumers have the ability to replace a companys products with the goods or services from a competing firm. 1.3.3 Potential new entrants and Threat of substitute products Because the cost of entering the PC market is high and the PC industry require the patent as a basis to develop the company, the threat of new entrants can be moderate. Additionally, the product like smart mobile phone may become substantial product for PC. It has many functions like PC which bring the large value to the customer. However, in the short term, it has little impact on Lenovos marketing strategies. 1.3.4 Rivalry among competitors In Chinas PC market, Lenovo is the number one PC vendor, which occupies the largest proportion of Chinas PC market share. Overall, rivalry is moderate in China. However, facing with HP, Dell, and Acer etc. in global market, Lenovo has to enhance the function of its PC products and the quality of sevices in order to gain competitive edges in some specific markets. Figure 2 illustrates the market share in U.S. PC market during the third quarter in 2012. Figure 2 Preliminary U.S. PC Q3 2012 Market Share by Vendor Chart by  The Mac Observer  from IDC data 1.4 Macro-Environment 1.4.1 Political-Legal environment In the 1980s, Chinese Academy of Sciences invested a lot of money when Lenovo needed financial support to develop itself. Indeed, Lenovo has a strong political background in China and it has been regarded as the birthplace of Chinas computer technology. Additionally, as a global company, Lenovo has to comply with unfamiliar laws and regulations. 1.4.2 Economic Environment Firgure 3 Lenovo RD Center in ShenZhenWith the increase income of Chinese consumers, people increasingly like to put money in hi-tech products, such as laptop, digital camera, and smart mobile phone. However, in global market, with the deepening of European debt crisis, the global economic are facing deflation and the unemployment rate are shotting up. Consumers wil be more prudent to make decision in purchasing. 1.4.3 Technological Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences which has 1,800 talents in From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediathe field of computer technology can povides efficient and effective support to Lenovo during RD process (Wikipedia, 2012). A prevalent trend that some hi-tech companies have cooperated with PC firms, such as HuaWei and Cisco, improving the existing products and offering better customer service challenges the PC leader of Chinas market. 1.4.4 Social-Cultural Environment To remain competitive, Lenovo must be sensitive to societys demographic shifts and changing values. However, in the global PC market, because the characteristics of the population, values and attitudes of consumers, and lifestyle are various, it is difficult to satisfy every consumer. Additionally, raising the awareness of consumerism is important to current companies. 1.4.5 Competitive Environment The competition of hi-tech products is very fierce in global market. Lenove are facing with some outstanding company, such as Apple, HP, and Dell. The products from different companies with various distinguishing features attract consumers to buy, which increase the level of competition. Furthermore, the indirect competition also has an impact on this market, such as smart mobile phone and iPad, because Wi-Fi makes the Internet available via radio waves and can be accessed at any number of public hot spots. Target Market and Positioning 2.1 Target Market Market segmentation is an inevitable trend in a mature market. The target market for a product is the specific segment of consumers most likely to purchase a particular product. Marketers should try to isolate the traits that distinguish a certain group of consumers from the overall market, in order to serve consumers and maximize the profit. 2.1.1 Geographic Segmentation From 2009 to 2012, Lenovo divided the overall market based on mature market and emerging market. However, from January 2012 onward, Lenovo gave up this method of market segmentation, while Lenovo divided the global market into four parts: Chinese market, North American market, EMEA market (Europe, Middle East and Africa market) and Asia Pacific Latin American market. In this four parts, Chinese market has a large number of population, which means great potential for profit growth. In contrast, North American market is relatively difficult to enter, because it is a mature market and consumers are loyal to former brands, such as Dell and HP. Overall, Lenovo combine its marketing efforts for countries and regions that share similar population and product-use patterns instead of treating each country or region as an independent segment. 2.1.2 Demographic Segmentation Gender: the purchasing habit of women can not be overlooked in PC market, because most woman buyers focus the stylish appearance and lightweight portable design rather than the computer performance, such as software and hardware. Age: tweens and teens usually use their computer for study and online game, while Generation X use their computer for work and social contact. Lenovos two main PC products ThinkPad and IdeaPad are different. Specifically, The IdeaPad design marked a deviation from the business-oriented  ThinkPad  laptops, towards a more consumer-focused look and feel (Jackson, 2008). Income and Expenditure patterns: because the income directly determine the purchasing power of consumer, Lenovo PC products are distributed across low end market, mid-range market and high end market. Figure 4 ThinkPad logo and IdeaPad logo From Lenovo official website 2.1.3 Psychographic and Behavioural segmentation Lenovos marketers quantify aspects of consumers personalities and lifestyles to create goods and services for a target market. For example, Lenovo products advertisements are different in Mainland China and America. Because consumers in China focus on the performance of the product while American consumers focus on the spirit that the product convey. Furthermore, most Chinese PC consumers like comparing goods before taking money form their wallet, while European consumers prefer to pursue high-quality product and to make decision quickly. 2.2 Positioning From the view of laptop market structure, business market account for the largest proportion of laptop market share, especially in government, manufactoring industry, school and university, and financial industry. From the view of sales, mid-range market is the most important part while the sales in low end market increase rapidly. The target market selection of Lenovo PCs is based on market size, development prospects, business goals and competitive advantages. To maintain the leading position in the Chinese market, Lenovo PCs must be on the market for comprehensive coverage. Specifically, Idea-branded focus on individual and family consumer market with low price and stylish design, which targets to low end market. While Think-branded focus on medium and small business, not-for-profit organizations, which is committed to provide a stable, safe, and high-quality computer product. Furthermore, because of the acquisition of IBMs personal computer business, Lenovo have the ability to en ter the high end business market. IBM PCs regard the high end of key account market as the target market. The distinct level of Lenovos marketing positioning helps distinguish its products from those of competitors and provides a basis for marketing communications. Marketing Mix Variables 3.1 Product Strategy Lenovo targets clearly its product strategy at the diversification development in such a new information era. Lenovo leads the PC industry in product innovation and it mainly focuses on PC business. Therefore, we divide products of Lenovo into two parts: laptop and desktop. 3.1.1 ThinkPad IdeaPad ThinkPad were originally an IBM product, which is line of business-oriented laptop computers known for their boxy black design (Wikipedia, 2012). ThinkPad series is made up of T series, X series, L series, W series, and ThinkPad Edge and each of them has their own feature. Specifically, T series is the most popular ThinkPad because of its performance and portability; X series is the thinnest and lightest with the longest battery life; L series is the green choice for professionals; W series is defined as a portable workstation. The IdeaPad line of consumer-oriented  laptop computers  was introduced in January 2008. The IdeaPad is the result of Lenovos own research and development (Wikipedia 2012). IdeaPad consist of U series, Y series, Z series. Specifically, U series is a stylish choice for everyday use; Y series design for gamers, movie buffs and audiophiles; Z series has a balance of price and multimedia features. 3.1.2 ThinkCentre IdeaCentre There are two series of ThinkCentre: ThinkCentre Edge Series (stylish, business-class) and ThinkCentre M series (sophisticated space-savers, dependable business partners). ThinkCentre is a system that combines reliability with ease of use. The marketing concept of ThinkCentre is You name the challenge, well bring the solution. IdeaCentre were described by HotHardware as being uniquely designed, with users needing to gaze on each one to see which design would look best in your place.(Willington, 2011). Indeed, IdeaCentre desktops come in all shapes and sizes.   Theres the skinny all-in-one that hides its working bits, the tiny nettop no larger than a book, and the regular desktop that traditionalists will view with satisfaction. Figure 5 Lenovo IdeaCentre 3.1.3 Service and Warranty From hothardware.comLenovo services is various depending on different kinds of customers. For example, Lenovo offers a comprehensive portfolio of value-added services that support the full lifecycle of Lenovo assets to large enterprises while Lenovo offers warranty support services and accidental damage protection to personal and home. 3.2 Promotion Strategy Lenovos prior goal is to create a new and successful international brand by the advantageous promotion of IBM; therefore, advertisement is the best option for this goal. Then promotional activities are also in effective and direct ways. 3.2.1 Advertising Lenovos personal computer mainly targets some individual clients made up of personal and home groups, and some small-and medium-sized enterprises. Therefore, the advertisement should be designed differently according to different segments. However, IBM aims at high-level computer market oriented to large organization for commercial functions. Therefore, advertisement strategies for ThinkPad are designed in an orientation of commercial application. Because consumers in China focus on the performance of the product while American consumers focus on the spirit that the product convey, the style of Lenovo advertisement is different globally. 3.2.2 Personal Selling The marketing strategies for individual users and large enterprises are different in requirements to sales person. As for individual users, what sales person need are a full set of materials of new products, like specific introductions, on-site demonstration disc, some certifications, and some samples. In addition, the training offered to salesperson is necessary including sales technologies, products knowledge, and companys regulation. In contrast, for the large enterprises, Lenovos salespersons play pivotal roles in promotion. Because they do not only promote products, but also perform necessarily in public relations, sales, training, commerce and customer services. 3.2.3 Sales Promotion Public Relation Because of two different product orientations, they will be differentiated in promotional activities. Personal and home groups consumers will mostly buy from stores or agents, and their purchasing behaviors are readily influenced by promotional activities. Therefore, users promotional activities are more effective for this type of users. However, ThinkPad goes oppositely since its users are mostly large enterprises commercially, and they unlikely go into some stores to buy a ThinkPad. Therefore, promotional activities will not work the same effectively as individual users do. Thus some special activities will introduced, such as inviting them to products exhibition or new products training, trial for new products for VIP clients, or organizing some member club to promote new products by conference, traveling, or sightseeing to enhance brand images and improve the knowledge or ThinkPad products. It is worthy mentioning that Lenovo was an official computer sponsor of the  2006 Winter Olympics  in  Turin,  Italy, and the  2008 Summer Olympics  inBeijing. In July of 2012, Lenovo and the National Football League (NFL) announced that Lenovo had become the NFLs Official Laptop, Desktop and Workstation Sponsor. 3.3 Pricing Strategy The objective of Lenovo is to capture a substantial market share and attract more and more buyers to buy its products. Lenovo pricing stratrgy is based on offering the consumers high quality at low price as well as competitor pricing. Lenovo has always maintained a product mix such as bread and butter products like 3000H series and high end products like ThinkPad and ThinkCentre, which helps Lenovo develop a vast range in its prices. The pricing of some models in America market are as follows: Lenovo  Y Series Laptops are priced  from $600- 1000 Lenovo U  Series  Laptops  are  Priced from  $500- 800 ThinkPad XZ series are priced from  $1000- 2000. Obviously, the laptop price is so competitive in current commercial situation that it should be considered at the first place of production based on a short lifecycle in high-technology industry. Therefore, perception value pricing of Lenovo is adapted to gain an acceptable profit. The middle and high-level Lenovo products are priced to compete in market, therefore, the price of these products should be referred to competitive products. Indeed, For comparable products, Lenovo priced its products at about two-thirds of foreign-made PCs (Xie, 2004, p. 412). In order to maintain the largest share and leader position in Mainland China and remain competitive in global market, Lenovo is a market follower after Dell and HP and this pricing strategy can allow them to ensure values as well as the optimal price of the products. Additionally, Lenovo constantly offers discounts on its  products through its showrooms and online purchases which are often in the range of  25-30%. Also there are many coupon codes and promotional codes available on all product models which add to the total discount. 3.4 Place Strategy 3.4.1 RD Center and Marketing Center Because HongKong is a global center of intermediary trade, it has a more perfect and more complete market in information channel than Chinese mainland. So Lenovo established the RD center and marketing center in Hongkong, in order to acquire the timely market information and technology information and thus shorten the product development cycle and closely follow the international trend. 3.4.2 Wide Coverage A direct marketing strategy is implemented to target the new industry and new big organization. However, the combined channel modes of retailors and agents are basically applied in individual buyers. The market Lenovo targets is not only China, but also other countries. The scope and extension it covers is featured to be in large quantity, wide distribution, and diversity of channels. Therefore, Lenovo choose intermediate channels like provincial retailors or regional wholesales in order to occupy a greater market. 3.4.3 Outlets and Sales Channel Most PC buyers purchase their products through retailer. Lenovo find that Internet buying is convenient for customers to compare products, specifications, prices and after-sales services. Some loyal customers like to buy products in Lenovo specialty shops. Today, Lenovo has the excellent distribution channel consist of 6,000 retail outlets in China that nearly impossible for foreign and even most domestic competitors to replicate. Figure 6 lenovo specialty shop From File Photo/ China Times 3.4.5 Transportation and Stock Level Modern logistics is important to Lenovo, that is say, Lenovo transportation is based on customer needs, carrying the products form supplier to demand side with the most economical cost. From 1995, Lenovo began to implement SCM system (Supply China Management). In 2004, Lenovo carried out VMI mode (Vendor Managed Inventory), thus almost 90% inventory were outsourced to Third-party logistics firms. 4. Cohesive Marketing Mix The 4Ps strategies of Lenovo forms a cohesive marketing mix in an effective and innovated way. Lenovo is transcendent in a vision of its market orientation and products innovation. It develops a systematic strategy with a good combination of two different brands in different levels. By definition, Lenovo improves its products designs and quality to reach an international level in order to meet the requirements of PC users all around the world. Regarding to its market orientation, Lenovo covers low level, medium level, and high-level products, targeting various users ranging from individuals to large enterprises. The pricing is also tactically different in different levels, so that Lenovo products can reach different users from personal utility to commercial application. In addition, it also optimizes different distribution channels and lowers the cost of producing by different segmentations of personal computer users by an application of direct market penetration to individuals and c ombined marketing channels to those large enterprises. Therefore, the promotion should also be designed in a different ways, from advertisement to salesperson training. The market mix of Lenovo successfully integrates product, price, place and promotion strategies in its market orientation and its maximum profits. Only in this way, can such a growing Chinese brand enter an international market to compete with its innovation and creation. 5. Target Market and Marketing Mix Variable There are many methods to segment the overall market. After that, the company will choose the appropriate market as their target market. As to Lenovo, from 2009 to 2012, Lenovo divided the overall market based on mature market and emerging market. However, from January 2012 onward, Lenovo divided the global market into four parts: Chinese market, North American market, EMEA market (Europe, Middle East and Africa market) and Asia Pacific Latin American market. Specifically, in mature market like North America, Lenovo covers low level, medium level, and high-level products, targeting various users ranging from individuals to large enterprises. Additionally, Lenovo is a market follower after Dell and HP and this pricing strategy can allow them to ensure values as well as the optimal price of the products in North American market. In contrast, Lenovo attack emerging market, such as Kenyan market, with cheap PCs, and the product range is fewer than American market. Furthermore, The Group s PC business across the mature markets are facing challenges in the retail channel due to significant slowdown in consumer demand. On the other hand, Lenovo begin to set up more specialty shops in Africa and Latin America, because people there dont adapt to online shopping and the demand from enterprise and government is low. Overall, Lenoovos target market will be considered when making decision about the four marketing mix variables. 6. Positioning Strategy Facing the volatile market and ever-shifting needs of customers, Yang Quanqing (2001), Chief Executive Officer, said that Our Protect and Attack strategy is working and will continue to guide our execution. Lenovo aims to extend the leadership position and increase profitability in China and relationship business in mature markets. In contrast, in emerging markets and transactional sales in mature markets, Lenovos focus will be on capturing growth. Although in recent years, Lenovo aims to extend the business beyond the traditional PC arena and to capture opportunities globally in the rapidly growing areas including mobile internet, smart TV, etc., the PC business remains as the Lenovos core business and Lenovo consistently accelerate the growth and expand market share by delivering quality products to customers around the world. Lenovo outgrew the worldwide PC market in unit shipments, and gained market share across all geographies, products and customer segments, making it the worlds fastest growing PC company. Lenovo divides its PC brand into two parts: Idea-branded and Think-branded. Specifically, Idea-branded focus on individual and family consumer market with low price and stylish design, which targets to low end market. While Think-branded focus on medium and small business, not-for-profit organizations, which is committed to provide a stable, safe, and high-quality computer product. The positioning strategy of Lenovo PC business is very effective. The company saw a record high in sales and market share despite an ongoing downturn for the overall PC industry. Based on data from IDC, Lenovo held  15.7 percent of the global PC market by November 2012, its highest market share ever. 7. SWOT Analysis 7.1 Strengths Lenovo is the leader in chinese PC market, accouting for over 30 percent market share. Under the support and protection of government policies, Lenovo can focus on product research and marketing. There are about 6,000 Lenovo retail outlets in China that nearly impossible for foreign and even most domestic competitors to replicate. Globally, after the acquisition of IBM PC division, Lenovo brand image has been enhanced. More and more overseas customers are willing to purchase Lenovo PC products. Lenovo has the excellent distribution channel not only in china but also all over the world. 7.2 Weaknesses Globally, the single marketing channel leads the products and services mainly sold by monopolized stores. Lenovo does not has its own core technology and it has to follow Intel trend. Too many staffs lead to the overstaffed orginizational structures. The human resource, technology, and capital need to be intergrated after the acquisition of IBM PC division. 7.3 Opportunities PC market is dynamic. prompt response to market changes and solid execution with a clear vision are crucial to continued growth of Lenovo. There is a potential for great development in Chinese market and other emerging markets. 7.4 Threats Acer, Dell and HP are the main competitors in global PC market. Today, there are too many cheap PC products appearing in the world and the market protect in some countries is strong. In addition, some smart mobile phones like iPhone can become the substitute. 8. Conclusion 8.1 What Is the Company Doing Well Liu Chuanzhi (2011), the chairman of the board, stated that we will continue to invest in innovation, marketing, and branding to protect our core business and drive growth through attacking. Four parts have been considerated in making decision in Lenovo: credibility, differentiation, product life-cycle, and evolution. Specifically, first of all, Lenovo is the leader in Chinese PC market, and the brand recognition and traditional reputation of Lenovo are very good in China. In global market, from 2005 to 2010, the Group used IBM logo optimally to build brand Lenovo, which led Lenovo to be known by overseas customers. Second, the differentiation of PC products in performance, style, and services make Lenovo have the ability to deliver the high quality, reliability and durability to meet various of customers demand. Third, every product has its own lifecycle. Facing with this problem, Lenovo delicates some new product strategies in light of the lifecycle as follow: improve products desi gn and products innovation, decrease of product costs and optimize the distribution, and integrate service system and develop the service quality. At last, The PC market is expected to experience more and rapid evolutions in the future. Lenovo continues to leverage spirit of innovation and history of technological breakthroughs to into new product categories and drive future growth. In addition, Lenovo actively took step in asserting its position as a global leader by launching its new global branding campaign. Known as Lenovo: For Those Who Do, the campaign captures the essence of who we are as a company, and the customers we serve. Lenovo does more than just build technology; it creates engines for the worlds doers and the mind-blowing things they create. The Groups breakthrough products are made to serve people on the quest to build whats next. 8.2 Suggestion Lenovo do not have its own core technology in PC business, which means Lenovo have to highly rely on CPU vendors like Intel and AMD. Therefore, in oreder to maintain market share and competitive advantages in global market, Lenovo should allocate more money to technological innovation and product upgrade. Other than that, Lenovo can copy Dell success model, which Lenovo can invest in special computer for certain industry, such as financial industry, education industry, in order to expand the coverage of the products. Lenovo pricing stratrgy is based on offering the consumers high quality at low price as well as competitor pricing. However, in recent years, more and more individual and family buyers reflect that there is price discrimination existing between Chinese market and North American market. Chinese market is Lenovos test bed. Most new products will be evaluated in Chinese market before selling abroad. However, Lenovo can not use its leadership in PC market to make money, regardless of consumers profit. In mature market, the Groups PC business are facing challenges in the retail channel due to significant slowdown in consumer demand; therefore, Lenovo should set up online-sale network and develop and maintain the relationship with the suppliers,distributors, and large enterprises. Although the brand image has been enhanced in recent years, especially after the acquisition of IBM PC division, Lenovo should continue to emphasize the global concept of product design and implement Protect and Attack strategy which protects the core business in China and relationship business in mature markets while attacking high-growth opportunities in emerging markets.